A differentiator-based photonic approach for the instantaneous microwave frequency measurement (IFM) using a phase modulator and an optical Gaussian filter is proposed and experimentally demonstrated. A microwave frequency measurement with high resolution is achieved by a monotonous frequency-to-power mapping obtained by differential operation in optical domain. A proof-of-concept experiment has been performed, in which a measurement error less than ±0.1 GHz over the frequency range 0.1-10 GHz with input power of 0 dBm is demonstrated. The measurement error of the IFM system is still less than ±0.24 GHz, even though input signal power decreases to -30 dBm. The approach suggests a potential capacity for integrated IFM by using all-optical computing.
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