The field of non-imaging optics is currently a diverse and fertile ground for innovation and analysis. Modeling systems for illumination and stray light effects influences a wide variety of electrical, optical, mechanical, material science, and system design decisions. Applications are also diverse in non-imaging including not only modeling these effects in imaging systems, but also important technologies such as solar energy, illumination, and projection systems, to name just a few areas of interest. Although design and analysis for illumination and stray light problems are both done in nonsequential ray-tracing programs, many practitioners only operate in one arena. Furthermore, the tasks associated with each of these types of problems have both similarities and distinct features. The goal of this paper is to provide a wide audience, including experts and people new to the field, an overview of the differences and similarities in modeling these two different (yet alike) types of problem.
Modern optical modeling and analysis programs allow users to create and analyze accurate optical and opto-mechanical
systems in the software environment prior to building actual hardware based systems. The resultant accuracy of these
models depends on the accuracy of the components that make up the model including the light source characteristics,
surface and material properties, and the model geometry. In this paper we will consider factors that lead to improved
modeling of the light source such as spectral and angular properties, the spatial distribution of light within the source,
and the interaction of the light with the structure of the source. These factors are extremely important for near field
modeling, especially for fiber and light pipe coupling. Several options will be discussed including simple source models
such as point sources, ray files, surface properties that define optical parameters such as spectral and angular distribution,
and detailed 3D solid models of the source. Simulated results for spectral, angular, and spatial distributions will be
compared to actual measurements. Discussion will also include the appropriateness of each modeling approach with
respect to different applications.
Fluorescent solar collectors represent an alternative to flat plate photovoltaic arrays. With the emphasis on minimizing
the use of silicon, the collector is usually composed of a mixture of fluorescent dyes embedded in a transparent medium.
The absorbed incoming sunlight is re-emitted at a longer wavelength. A large fraction of fluorescence is totally internally
reflected and transported to the edge of the collector, where the solar cell is placed. The key requirements for efficient
fluorescent collectors are a good photon transport and a broad absorption of sunlight. The fundamental parameter that
determines the efficiency of photon transport is the probability of reabsorption.
Based on experimental results and ray-tracing simulations carried out with "TracePro", this publication illustrates the use
of ray tracing to model reabsorption in collectors with different shapes as well as inhomogeneous structures, and to
assess the validity of the traditional analytical approach. We show that, contrary to expectations, some novel structures
(for example, "thin film" or "waveguide" collectors) do not represent an improvement over their corresponding
homogeneous collectors and that any variation of the film refractive index on a glass substrate leads to an efficiency
drop.
KEYWORDS: Light emitting diodes, Luminescence, Absorption, 3D modeling, Data modeling, Monte Carlo methods, Blue light emitting diodes, Quantum efficiency, Manufacturing, Energy efficiency
The use of white LEDs for solid-state lighting to address applications in the automotive, architectural and general
illumination markets is just emerging. LEDs promise greater energy efficiency and lower maintenance costs. However,
there is a significant amount of design and cost optimization to be done while companies continue to improve
semiconductor manufacturing processes and begin to apply more efficient and better color rendering luminescent
materials such as phosphor and quantum dot nanomaterials. In the last decade, accurate and predictive opto-mechanical
software modeling has enabled adherence to performance, consistency, cost, and aesthetic criteria without the cost and
time associated with iterative hardware prototyping. More sophisticated models that include simulation of optical
phenomenon, such as luminescence, promise to yield designs that are more predictive - giving design engineers and
materials scientists more control over the design process to quickly reach optimum performance, manufacturability, and
cost criteria.
A design case study is presented where first, a phosphor formulation and excitation source are optimized for a white
light. The phosphor formulation, the excitation source and other LED components are optically and mechanically
modeled and ray traced. Finally, its performance is analyzed. A blue LED source is characterized by its relative spectral
power distribution and angular intensity distribution. YAG:Ce phosphor is characterized by relative absorption,
excitation and emission spectra, quantum efficiency and bulk absorption coefficient. Bulk scatter properties are
characterized by wavelength dependent scatter coefficients, anisotropy and bulk absorption coefficient.
The theoretical modeling of fluorescence excitation, emission, and propagation within living tissue has been a limiting
factor in the development and calibration of in vivo small animal fluorescence imagers. To date, no definitive calibration
standard, or phantom, has been developed for use with small animal fluorescence imagers. Our work in the theoretical
modeling of fluorescence in small animals using solid modeling software is useful in optimizing the design of small
animal imaging systems, and in predicting their response to a theoretical model. In this respect, it is also valuable in the
design of a fluorescence phantom for use in in vivo small animal imaging.
The use of phantoms is a critical step in the testing and calibration of most diagnostic medical imaging systems. Despite
this, a realistic, reproducible, and informative phantom has yet to be produced for use in small animal fluorescence
imaging. By modeling the theoretical response of various types of phantoms, it is possible to determine which
parameters are necessary for accurately modeling fluorescence within inhomogenous scattering media such as tissue.
Here, we present the model that has been developed, the challenges and limitations associated with developing such a
model, and the applicability of this model to experimental results obtained in a commercial small animal fluorescence
imager.
This paper describes the design-for-manufacture (DFM) process for a multi-channel fluorometer product platform. The
multi-disciplinary team eliminated the cost of quality by design, using a formal design method, facilitated by Lambda
Research Corporation's suite of TraceProTM suite of optical design software. Development of this platform presented
rigorous design challenges - from identifying feasible design alternatives to minimizing the exponential cumulative
effect of component quality and quantity to optimizing tolerances to thoroughly documenting the design. The design
was highly constrained in terms of cost and the ability of the platform to accommodate a breadth of fluorescence-tagged
media. Furthermore, the inherently interdisciplinary nature of developing medical devices required a high level of
collaboration between scientists and engineers across the areas of optics, mechanics, materials, biology and clinical
chemistry. While fluorescence tag technologies enable very sensitive detection of molecules, the anisotropic nature of
fluorescence in both intensity and polarization severely complicate system design. TracePro's fluorescence modeling
capability enabled adherence to a methodical design process of (1) testing system design alternatives, (2) evaluating off-the-
shelf and custom optical component and fluorophore feasibility, and (3) tolerancing for robustness without the cost
and time associated with iterative hardware prototyping.
KEYWORDS: Ray tracing, Monte Carlo methods, RGB color model, Light scattering, Sensors, Scattering, LCDs, Light sources and illumination, Projection systems, Biosensors
In Monte Carlo ray tracing, the efficacy of variance reduction techniques is often the subject of debate. One portion of the
debate regards the use of ray-splitting in illumination analysis. While analysis results should be the same whether raysplitting
or no ray-splitting is used, one approach might result in better precision for a given calculation time. Additionally,
inexperienced illumination designers may perform analyses in such a way as to exacerbate the difference in precision
between the two methods. This results in a very important decision for illumination designers: using ray-splitting or not
can affect results and the time spent getting them. For this paper, common illumination applications are analyzed by ray
tracing in TracePro1 (a non-sequential Monte Carlo ray tracing program) and the analysis results are compared. Both raysplitting
and no ray-splitting methods are used to see if the analyses converge to the same results for simple setup
conditions. The results will illustrate the factors to consider of before choosing to use ray-splitting or not, and show
examples when one method may be better than another.
KEYWORDS: Diffraction, Ray tracing, Monte Carlo methods, Spherical lenses, Distance measurement, Near field, Computer simulations, Reflection, Refraction, Scattering
Monte Carlo ray tracing programs routinely simulate the phenomena of reflection, refraction, and scattering by
redirecting rays when they intersect a surface. We desire to simulate the diffraction of light by apertures, a wave
phenomenon, by a method that melds easily into ray tracing algorithms. The proposed method redirects rays in random
directions according to a Gaussian probability distribution. The width of this distribution varies inversely with distance
of the ray intersection point from the edge of the aperture, and is derived from the Heisenberg uncertainty relation.
Previous results have shown good agreement of incoherent summing of rays traced as compared with results obtained by
integral methods. Here we present the coherent summation of rays, showing results that substantially agree with those
obtained by integral methods including the fringes that result from interference of coherent light.
Opto-mechanical engineers are taking advantage of the birefringence exhibited in uniaxial crystals to control light in a wide range of applications. Software tools are required which can handle light propagation through such crystals; but these tools must also offer an intuitive interface to the user. Rigorous physics calculations are required at the optical component level to deal with beam doubling and flux propagation. However, these components are immediately combined into sub-assemblies where opto-mechanical packaging concerns arise. An intuitive, CAD-like interface coupled with accurate ray propagation algorithms has been implemented in TracePro, a commercial optical analysis program. In this tool components, sub-assemblies, and assemblies can be readily positioned and oriented. The performance of the optical systems is evaluated via raytracing. In essence, the software presents a virtual laboratory or optical bench. The birefringence ray tracing capability in a three dimensional, computer aided design (CAD) environment will be described. This analysis provides the design engineer the capability to model a variety of optical components used in telecom applications such as polarization independent isolators, circulators, beam displacers and interleavers. Several examples illustrating the application of this analysis will be presented.
Splines are commonly used to describe smooth freeform surfaces in Computer Aided Design (CAD) and computer graphic rendering programs. Various spline surface implementations are also available in optical design programs including lens design software. These surface forms may be used to describe general aspheric surfaces, surfaces thermally perturbed and interpolated surfaces from data sets. Splines are often used to fit a surface to a set of data points either on the surface or acting as control points. Spline functions are piecewise cubic polynomials defined over several discrete intervals. Continuity conditions are assigned at the intersections as the function crosses intervals defining a smooth transition. Bi-Cubic splines provide C2 continuity, meaning that the first and second derivatives are equal at the crossover point. C2 continuity is useful outcome of this interpolation for optical surface representation. This analysis will provide a review of the various types of spline interpolation methods used and consider additional forms that may be useful. A summary of the data inputs necessary for two and three-dimensional splines will be included. An assessment will be made for the fitting accuracy of the various types of splines to optical surfaces. And a survey of applications of spline surfaces in optical systems analysis will be presented.
KEYWORDS: Mirrors, Telescopes, Stray light, Optical design, Diffraction, Monochromatic aberrations, Sensors, Radio optics, Spectroscopy, Picture Archiving and Communication System
The FIRST telescope will be made of carbon fiber reinforced plastic. The optics follow a two mirror near-classical Ritchey-Chretian design, but deviates from that in two respects. The secondary mirror defines the pupil of the system, and the primary mirror is uncommonly fast at f/0.5. After presenting the optical design, the sensitivities will be presented. Current work in progress will be described in the following areas; (1) secondary mirror figure correction (2) stray light (3) primary mirror gaps (4) standing wave impact on the heterodyne instrument for FIRST (HIFI).
KEYWORDS: Polarization, Calculus, Monte Carlo methods, Ray tracing, Jones calculus, Light scattering, Scattering, Systems modeling, Jones vectors, Calculi
In many optical systems, the polarization state of light is of critical importance and must be considered during their design. In other systems, the polarization state is used and manipulated as an integral part of the design. Three methods exist for modeling the polarization state of light: the Mueller calculus; the Jones calculus; and the polarization ray tracing calculus. The relative advances of these methods for simulating the polarization behavior of real devices using Monte Carlo ray tracing software is discussed, including simulation of the polarization properties of scattered light.
We have developed is a modeling package that allows a system engineer to perform an end-to-end electro-optical simulation to determine system performance. Called EO Model, it is built upon TraceProTM, an Opto-Mechanical design and analysis tool developed by Lambda Research Corporation.
Monte Carlo ray tracing programs are now being used to solve many optical analysis problems in which the entire optomechanical system must be considered. In many analyses, it is desired to consider the effects of diffraction by mechanical edges. Smoothly melding the effects of diffraction, a wave phenomenon, into a ray-tracing program is a significant technical challenge. This paper discusses the suitability of several methods of calculating diffraction for use in ray tracing programs. A method based on the Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle was chosen for use in TracePro, a commercial Monte Carlo ray tracing program, and is discussed in detail.
A computer program, TracePro™, has been written to simulate the propagation of optical flux through optomechanical systems. The program is based on an industry-standard solid modeling kernel, ACIS®, thereby obtaining consistency and reliability in modeling three-dimensional geometiy, as well as the capability to share data with other ACIS-based applications. The program uses the Monte Carlo ray-trace method including variance reduction techniques to simulate optical effects. Ray splitting is used to simulate partial reflection and scattering, and importance sampling is used to enhance sampling for difficult radiometric analyses such as stray light analysis. A graphical user interface makes the software accessible to engineers who are not optical specialists, while a macro language provides access to more complicated operations. Extra software modules convert lens design data from commercial lens design programs into solid models.
KEYWORDS: Ray tracing, Monte Carlo methods, 3D modeling, Computer graphics, Stray light analysis, Light scattering, Scattering, 3D image processing, Computer aided design, Computing systems
Generalized ray-tracing computer programs, which simulate the propagation of light through three-dimensional models of optical systems, have their origin in the 1960s. Progress in generalized ray-tracing software has proceeded on three fronts since then, in the fields of optical design and analysis, the radiation transfer part of the thermal analysis problem, and in photorealistic computer graphics rendering. These three fields have evolved largely independently, though they have much in common: computer representation of three-dimensional geometry, computation of ray-surface intersections, propagation of optical flux, and modeling of the interaction of light with matter including the use of BRDF and BTDF to model surface scattering. The size of the computer graphics industry dwarfs the others, as measured by the number of workers in each field and the volume of published literature. Only recently have ideas from the computer graphics industry been utilized in the optical analysis field.
We describe the optical, mechanical and servo designs for a motorized, two-FOV (field of view) IR objective lens for use in the 8 - 12 micrometers spectral band. The FOV is changed by moving lenses axially instead of the more traditional approach which is to add and remove lenses. The advantages of this approach include: simple mechanics, since a single mechanism can be used for both adjusting focus and changing FOV; only one lens group need be moved; no stow space is needed for removed lenses; and fewer total lenses are needed (four elements). The lens is used with a low-cost, uncooled focal plane array. This dictates relatively fast F- number, large image format (F/1.1, 7.8 degree(s) narrow FOV, 155-mm narrow-field focal length), and low cost. This combination of wide field and large collecting aperture pose a difficult optical design challenge. The lens meets a range of military environmental requirements including immersion in one meter of water. We describe how the requirements were met. We have fabricated and tested five lenses and we describe the assembly and testing process and present a summary of test results.
A computer program has been written to rapidly calculate stray light in optical systems using the IBM PC. The program
calculates the Point Source Transmittance by either of two methods. The first method uses formulas requiring only firstorder
system parameters such as F-number, aperture diameter, primary Bidirectional Scattering Distribution Function,
and baffle tube length. In the second method, paraxial rays are traced through the optical system and the program
evaluates scattering from all of the optical surfaces. Stray irradiance at the focal plane of an optical system from an
extended source such as the sun or the earth can be calculated by integrating the incident irradiance over the source,
weighted by the Point Source Transmittance. The result is then multiplied by the integral of the system spectral
transmittance function weighted by the blackbody function. The program also computes veiling glare, ghost images,
narcissus, spectrally weighted transmittance, and illuminance and spectral luminance using the photopic and scotopic
spectral efficacy functions. Blackbody-related functions including radiance contrast are also computed. Good agreement
is obtained between GUERAP III and SOAR for Point Source Transmittance calculations.
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