Dr. Gerard J. Kunz Profile

Dr. Gerard J. Kunz

IR at TNO Defence Security and Safety

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Author

Publications (21)

Proceedings Article | 1 September 2006 Paper

The introduction of horizontal inhomogeneity of meteorological conditions in the EOSTAR propagation model

A. van Eijk, G. Kunz

Proceedings Volume 6303, 63030G (2006) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.680300

KEYWORDS: Sensors, Atmospheric modeling, Meteorology, Atmospheric propagation, Electro optical modeling, Refraction, Refractive index, Electro optics, Coastal modeling, Humidity

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Proceedings Article | 14 October 2005 Paper

Comparison of atmospheric refraction at radar and optical wavelengths

Gerard Kunz, Eric Heemskerk, Lex van Eijk

Proceedings Volume 5981, 59810B (2005) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.638613

KEYWORDS: Refraction, Humidity, Atmospheric propagation, Atmospheric modeling, Meteorology, Infrared radiation, Water, Refractive index, Atmospheric optics, Sensors

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A study is carried out to classify possible combinations of refractivity conditions for RF and IR over a wide range of meteorological conditions using different micrometeorological bulk models. The calculated refractivity profiles are analyzed for evaporation duct height (EDH), mainly relevant for RF propagation, and for gradients of the modified refractivity at different heights, relevant for both RF and IR propagation. These refractivity gradients are a direct indicator for the occurrence of sub- or super refraction at the height of interest. The present study reveals that under humid and unstable conditions evaporation ducts are found at approximately 3±2 m above cold (5°C) waters and at approximately 8±5 m over warm waters (25°C). Under dry conditions, these duct heights are approximately 9±5 m and 20±10 m, respectively. Duct heights decrease with increasing wind speed. Under humid and near-neutral conditions, duct heights range from 1 to 25 m, and decrease with increasing air temperature and/or wind speed. On the other hand, for dry and near-neutral conditions, and also for neutral conditions, the duct height is not well defined. Values between 1 m and 100 m are found, with an irregular dependence on air temperature and wind speed. Reliable modeling of duct height under these conditions remains questionable due to a lack of vertical mixing in the surface layer. The paper also shows that all four combinations of RF and IR sub- and super-refraction can occur in the atmosphere. The occurrence of a specific combination depends predominantly on temperature and humidity, and to a relatively minor part on wind speed. The magnitude of refraction effects in the two spectral bands is not necessarily coupled but varies with environmental conditions and height. Sub-sub refraction is generally weak and occurs under neutral conditions or at large heights. Super-super refraction occurs under warm and dry conditions and can reach medium strengths. RF-super refraction in combination with IR-sub refraction occurs under strong unstable conditions (e.g., surface temperature higher than air temperature) and can reach medium strengths. RF-sub refraction in combination with IR-super refraction occurs under stable and warm conditions. The magnitude of refraction can be very large, especially at low altitude.

Proceedings Article | 15 September 2005 Paper

Effects of atmospheric refraction and turbulence on long-range IR imaging in the marine surface layer: comparisons between experiment and simulation

G. Kunz, A. van Eijk, D. Tsintikidis, S. Hammel

Proceedings Volume 5891, 58910A (2005) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.614884

KEYWORDS: Atmospheric modeling, Electro optical modeling, Data modeling, Refraction, Sensors, Temperature metrology, Environmental sensing, Optical turbulence, Humidity, Refractive index

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Proceedings Article | 23 August 2005 Paper

Detection of small targets in a marine environment using laser radar

Gerard Kunz, Herman Bekman, Koen Benoist, Leo Coen, Johan van den Heuvel, Frank van Putten

Proceedings Volume 5885, 58850F (2005) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.614914

KEYWORDS: Reflection, LIDAR, Target detection, Receivers, Backscatter, Optical spheres, Environmental sensing, Radar, Pulsed laser operation, Antennas

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Proceedings Article | 18 August 2005 Paper

Surface wave effects on long range IR imaging in the marine surface layer

M. Francius, G. Kunz, A. M. van Eijk

Proceedings Volume 5891, 58910J (2005) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.619953

KEYWORDS: Atmospheric modeling, Infrared imaging, Ocean optics, Coastal modeling, Sensors, Refraction, Cameras, Target detection, Long wavelength infrared, Wave propagation

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Proceedings Article | 29 December 2004 Paper

IR seeker simulator and IR scene generation to evaluate IR decoy effectiveness

Wim de Jong, Frans Dam, Gerard Kunz, Ric Schleijpen

Proceedings Volume 5615, (2004) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.579500

KEYWORDS: Missiles, Cameras, Infrared imaging, Imaging infrared seeker, Visibility, Device simulation, Infrared cameras, Infrared signatures, Atmospheric modeling, Atmospheric corrections

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Proceedings Article | 11 November 2004 Paper

Status and developments in EOSTAR, a model to predict IR sensor performance in the marine environment

Gerard Kunz, Marianne Degache, Marcel Moerman, Alexander van Eijk, Filip Neele, Stephen Doss-Hammel, Dimitri Tsintikidis

Proceedings Volume 5572, (2004) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.563914

KEYWORDS: Sensors, Atmospheric modeling, Refraction, Refractive index, Humidity, Ocean optics, Atmospheric propagation, Atmospheric sensing, Meteorology, Electro optical modeling

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Proceedings Article | 30 August 2004 Paper

Refractive effects, turbulence, and the EOSTAR model

Stephen Doss-Hammel, Dimitri Tsintikidis, Alexander van Eijk, Gerard Kunz

Proceedings Volume 5406, (2004) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.546625

KEYWORDS: Atmospheric propagation, Radio propagation, Atmospheric modeling, Electro optical modeling, Geometrical optics, Infrared radiation, Refractive index, Atmospheric optics, Receivers, Temperature metrology

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Proceedings Article | 6 February 2004 Paper

EOSTAR: an electro-optical sensor performance model for predicting atmospheric refraction, turbulence, and transmission in the marine surface layer

Gerard Kunz, Marcel Moerman, Alexander van Eijk, Stephen Doss-Hammel, Dimitri Tsintikidis

Proceedings Volume 5237, (2004) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.510708

KEYWORDS: Atmospheric modeling, Cameras, Meteorology, Data modeling, Refraction, Coastal modeling, Sensors, Humidity, Electro optical modeling, Aerosols

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Proceedings Article | 6 August 2002 Paper

ARTEAM: advanced ray tracing with earth atmospheric models

Gerard Kunz, Marcel Moerman, Alexander van Eijk

Proceedings Volume 4718, (2002) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.478827

KEYWORDS: Atmospheric modeling, Electro optical modeling, Aerosols, Atmospheric propagation, Refraction, Sensors, Refractive index, Coastal modeling, Meteorology, Atmospheric particles

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Proceedings Article | 6 August 2002 Paper

Aerosol plumes in a coastal environment revealed by lidar

Gerard Kunz, Gerrit de Leeuw

Proceedings Volume 4718, (2002) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.478807

KEYWORDS: LIDAR, Backscatter, Aerosols, Head, Clouds, Atmospheric particles, Spatial resolution, Receivers, Reflection, Pulsed laser operation

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SPIE Journal Paper | 1 January 1997

Comparison of lidar and transmissometer measurements

Luc Bissonnette, Gerard Kunz, Karin Weiss-Wrana

OE, Vol. 36, Issue 01, (January 1997) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.10.1117/1.601149

KEYWORDS: LIDAR, Clouds, Transmittance, Gas lasers, Receivers, Scattering, Aerosols, Carbon monoxide, Nd:YAG lasers, Sensors

SPIE Journal Paper | 1 November 1996

Field test of a lidar wind profiler

Gerard Kunz

OE, Vol. 35, Issue 11, (November 1996) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.10.1117/1.601045

KEYWORDS: LIDAR, Wind measurement, Sensors, Backscatter, Doppler effect, In situ metrology, Environmental sensing, Signal to noise ratio, Atmospheric sensing, Optical engineering

Proceedings Article | 14 October 1996 Paper

Comparison of lidar and transmissometer measurements through clouds

Luc Bissonnette, Gerard Kunz, Karin Weiss-Wrana

Proceedings Volume 2828, (1996) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.254163

KEYWORDS: LIDAR, Clouds, Transmittance, Receivers, Aerosols, Scattering, Sensors, Nd:YAG lasers, Carbon dioxide lasers, Chlorine

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Proceedings Article | 14 October 1996 Paper

Lidar measurements of atmospheric extinction during the MAPTIP trial

Gerard Kunz, Thomas Trickl

Proceedings Volume 2828, (1996) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.254185

KEYWORDS: LIDAR, Aerosols, Backscatter, Clouds, Surf zone, Ocean optics, Atmospheric particles, Knowledge management, Reflection, Fiber optic gyroscopes

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Proceedings Article | 14 October 1996 Paper

Validation of a bulk turbulence model with thermal images of a point source

Gerard Kunz, Marcel Moerman, Peter Fritz, Gerrit de Leeuw

Proceedings Volume 2828, (1996) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.254158

KEYWORDS: Refractive index, Turbulence, Humidity, Atmospheric modeling, Scintillation, Coastal modeling, Temperature metrology, Data modeling, Water, Optical turbulence

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Proceedings Article | 20 September 1995 Paper

Time-resolved multiple scattering

Gerard Kunz

Proceedings Volume 2506, (1995) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.221066

KEYWORDS: LIDAR, Clouds, Receivers, Laser scattering, Scattering, Pulsed laser operation, Mass attenuation coefficient, Signal attenuation, Solids, Aerosols

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Proceedings Article | 20 September 1995 Paper

Field test of a lidar wind profiler

Gerard Kunz

Proceedings Volume 2506, (1995) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.221019

KEYWORDS: LIDAR, Wind measurement, Sensors, Doppler effect, In situ metrology, Signal to noise ratio, Backscatter, Atmospheric particles, Atmospheric sensing, Solids

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Proceedings Article | 15 June 1995 Paper

Infrared scintillation effects over sea

Piet Schwering, Gerard Kunz

Proceedings Volume 2471, (1995) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.211929

KEYWORDS: Scintillation, Infrared radiation, Meteorology, Atmospheric modeling, Data modeling, Receivers, Infrared imaging, Turbulence, Point spread functions, Lamps

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Proceedings Article | 6 August 1993 Paper

Experimental study in wind measurements with a Mie lidar

Gerard Kunz

Proceedings Volume 2052, (1993) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.150530

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Proceedings Article | 1 August 1992 Paper

NOVAM evaluation from aerosol and lidar measurements in a tropical marine environment

Gerrit de Leeuw, Gerard Kunz

Proceedings Volume 1688, (1992) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.137883

KEYWORDS: Aerosols, LIDAR, Backscatter, Atmospheric particles, Atmospheric modeling, Clouds, Particles, Atmospheric propagation, Humidity, Remote sensing

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Showing 5 of 21 publications

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