High-speed and energy-efficient cryogenic electronics in supercomputers and quantum computers have emerged as the most competitive alternative in the next generation of information processing systems. Specifically, the challenge of establishing broadband, energy-efficient data transmission from cryogenic electronics to room temperature environments has emerged as a significant bottleneck. Electro-optic data links based on the thin-film lithium niobate (TFLN) electro-optic modulators (EOMs) operated at 38.5 K hold the potential to breakthrough this limitation by providing high bandwidth and low heat load for signal readout in cryogenic electronics. In this article, the performance of a TFLN EOM was examined at room temperature and cryogenic temperature, respectively. The results show that the system achieves a bandwidth of 7.6 GHz at 38.5 K, which is 7% higher than the bandwidth achieved at 298 K. A data transmission rate of 15 Gbps using non-return-to-zero (NRZ) encoding supporting error-free data transmission at 38.5 K to the error detector at 298 K is demonstrated as a viable solution for cryo-computing.
The Hot Universe Baryon Surveyor (HUBS) mission is proposed to study “missing” baryons in the universe. Unlike dark matter, baryonic matter is made of elements in the periodic table, and can be directly observed through the electromagnetic signals that it produces. Stars contain only a tiny fraction of the baryonic matter known to be present in the universe. Additional baryons are found to be in diffuse (gaseous) form, in or between galaxies, but a significant fraction has not yet been seen. The latter (“missing” baryons) are thought to be hiding in low-density warm-hot ionized medium (WHIM), based on results from theoretical studies and recent observations, and be distributed in the vicinity of galaxies (i.e., circumgalactic medium) and between galaxies (i.e., intergalactic medium). Such gas would radiate mainly in the soft X-ray band and the emission would be very weak, due to its very low density. HUBS is optimized to detect the X-ray emission from the hot baryons in the circumgalactic medium, and thus fill a void in observational astronomy. The goal is not only to detect the “missing” baryons, but to characterize their physical and chemical properties, as well as to measure their spatial distribution. The results would establish the boundary conditions for understanding galaxy evolution. Though highly challenging, detecting “missing” baryons in the intergalactic medium could be attempted, perhaps in the outskirts of galaxy clusters, and could shed significant light on the large-scale structures of the universe. The current design of HUBS will be presented, along with the status of technology development.
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