Mr. Manfred Meyer Profile

Manfred Meyer

at European Southern Observatory

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Author

Publications (32)

Proceedings Article | 12 July 2019 Open Access

On-sky performance verification of near infrared eAPD technology for wavefront sensing at ground based telescopes, demonstration of e-APD pixel performance to improve the sensitivity of large science focal planes and possibility to use this technology in space

G. Finger, Ian Baker, D. Alvarez, F. Eisenhauer, G. Hechenblaikner, D. Ives, L. Mehrgan, M. Meyer, J. Stegmeier, H. Weller

Proceedings Volume 11180, 111806L (2019) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2536156

KEYWORDS: Avalanche photodetectors, Sensors, Wavefront sensors, Near infrared, Diodes, Quantum efficiency, Adaptive optics, Readout integrated circuits, Aerospace engineering, Telescopes

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Proceedings Article | 17 November 2017 Open Access

Development of HgCdTe large format MBE arrays and noise-free high speed MOVPE EAPD arrays for ground based NIR astronomy

G. Finger, I. Baker, M. Downing, D. Alvarez, D. Ives, L. Mehrgan, M. Meyer, J. Stegmeier, H. Weller

Proceedings Volume 10563, 1056311 (2017) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2304270

KEYWORDS: Mercury cadmium telluride, Near infrared, Sensors, Avalanche photodetectors, Astronomical imaging, Nondestructive evaluation, Wavefront sensors, Adaptive optics, Readout integrated circuits, Astronomy

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Proceedings Article | 1 August 2016 Paper

LGSD/NGSD: high speed visible CMOS imagers for E-ELT adaptive optics

Mark Downing, Johann Kolb, Bart Dierickx, Arnaud Defernez, Philippe Feautrier, Martin Fryer, Jean-Luc Gach, Paul Jerram, Paul Jorden, Manfred Meyer, Andrew Pike, Javier Reyes, Eric Stadler, Nick Swift

Proceedings Volume 9915, 991512 (2016) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2231960

KEYWORDS: Adaptive optics, Imaging systems, Sensors, Laser guide stars, Quantum efficiency, Point spread functions, CMOS technology, Silicon, CMOS sensors, Antireflective coatings

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Proceedings Article | 27 July 2016 Paper

Sub-electron read noise and millisecond full-frame readout with the near infrared eAPD array SAPHIRA

Gert Finger, Ian Baker, Domingo Alvarez, Christophe Dupuy, Derek Ives, Manfred Meyer, Leander Mehrgan, Jörg Stegmeier, Harald Weller

Proceedings Volume 9909, 990912 (2016) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2233079

KEYWORDS: Adaptive optics, Diodes, Wavefront sensors, Readout integrated circuits, Avalanche photodetectors, Sensors, Quantum efficiency, Signal detection, Signal to noise ratio, Light emitting diodes

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In 2007 ESO started a program at SELEX (now LEONARDO) to develop noiseless near infrared HgCdTe electron avalanche photodiode arrays (eAPD)[1][2][3]. This eAPD technology is only way to overcome the limiting CMOS noise barrier of near infrared sensors used for wavefront sensing and fringe tracking. After several development cycles of solid state engineering techniques which can be easily applied to the chosen growth technology of metal organic vapour phase epitaxy (MOVPE), the eAPD arrays have matured and resulted in the SAPHIRA arrays. They have a format of 320x256 pixels with a pitch of 24 μm. They now offer an unmatched combination of sub-electron read noise at millisecond frame readout rates. The first generation of SAPHIRA arrays were only sensitive in H and K-band. With the removal of a wide bandgap buffer layer the arrays are now sensitive from λ=0.8 μm to 2.5 μm with high quantum efficiency over the entire wavelength range. The high temperature anneal applied during the growth process produces material with superb cosmetic quality at an APD gain of over 600. The design of the SAPHIRA ROIC has also been revised and the new ME1000 ROIC has an optimized analogue chain and more flexible readout modes. The clock for the vertical shift register is now under external control. The advantage of this is that correlated-double-sampling and uncorrelated readout in the rolling shutter mode now have a duty cycle of 100% at the maximum frame rate. Furthermore, to reduce the readout noise rows can be read several times before and after row reset. Since the APD gain is sufficiently high that one photon produces many more electrons than the square root of kTC which is the charge uncertainty after reset, signals of one photon per exposure can be easily detected without the need for double correlated sampling. First results obtained with the fringe tracker in GRAVITY and the four SAPHIRA wavefront sensors installed in the CIAO adaptive optics systems of the four 8 meter telescopes of the VLTI have proven the unrivaled performance of the SAPHIRA eAPD technology. A future program is being assembled to develop eAPD arrays having a larger format of 1Kx1K capable of frame rates of 1.2 KHz. There are also good prospects to offer low dark current eAPD technology for large format science focal planes as well.

Proceedings Article | 7 August 2014 Paper

SAPHIRA detector for infrared wavefront sensing

Gert Finger, Ian Baker, Domingo Alvarez, Derek Ives, Leander Mehrgan, Manfred Meyer, Jörg Stegmeier, Harald Weller

Proceedings Volume 9148, 914817 (2014) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2057078

KEYWORDS: Avalanche photodetectors, Sensors, Liquid phase epitaxy, Wavefront sensors, Quantum efficiency, Interference (communication), K band, Heterojunctions, Doping, Infrared sensors

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The only way to overcome the CMOS noise barrier of near infrared sensors used for wavefront sensing and fringe tracking is the amplification of the photoelectron signal inside the infrared pixel by means of the avalanche gain. In 2007 ESO started a program at Selex to develop near infrared electron avalanche photodiode arrays (eAPD) for wavefront sensing and fringe tracking. In a first step the cutoff wavelength was reduced from 4.5 micron to 2.5 micron in order to verify that the dark current scales with the bandgap and can be reduced to less than one electron/ms, the value required for wavefront sensing. The growth technology was liquid phase epitaxy (LPE) with annular diodes based on the loophole interconnect technology. The arrays required deep cooling to 40K to achieve acceptable cosmetic performance at high APD gain. The second step was to develop a multiplexer tailored to the specific application of the GRAVITY instrument wavefront sensors and the fringe tracker. The pixel format is 320x256 pixels. The array has 32 parallel video outputs which are arranged in such a way that the full multiplex advantage is available also for small subwindows. Nondestructive readout schemes with subpixel sampling are possible. This reduces the readout noise at high APD gain well below the subelectron level at frame rates of 1 KHz. The third step was the change of the growth technology from liquid phase epitaxy to metal organic vapour phase epitaxy (MOVPE). This growth technology allows the band structure and doping to be controlled on a 0.1μm scale and provides more flexibility for the design of diode structures. The bandgap can be varied for different layers of Hg(_1-x)Cd_xTe. It is possible to make heterojunctions and apply solid state engineering techniques. The change to MOVPE resulted in a dramatic improvement in the cosmetic quality with 99.97 % operable pixels at an operating temperature of 85K. Currently this sensor is deployed in the 4 wavefront sensors and in the fringe tracker of the VLT instrument GRAVITY. Initial results will be presented. An outlook will be given on the potential of APD technology to be employed in large format near infrared science detectors. Several of the results presented here have also been shown to a different audience at the Scientific Detector Workshop in October 2013 in Florence but this paper has been updated with new results [1].

Proceedings Article | 23 July 2014 Paper

LGSD/NGSD: high speed optical CMOS imagers for E-ELT adaptive optics

Mark Downing, Johann Kolb, Philippe Balard, Bart Dierickx, Arnaud Defernez, Philippe Feautrier, Gert Finger, Martin Fryer, Jean-Luc Gach, Christian Guillaume, Norbert Hubin, Paul Jerram, Paul Jorden, Manfred Meyer, Andrew Payne, Andrew Pike, Javier Reyes, Robert Simpson, Eric Stadler, Jeremy Stent, Nick Swift

Proceedings Volume 9154, 91540Q (2014) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2055407

KEYWORDS: Adaptive optics, Sensors, Imaging systems, Laser guide stars, Semiconducting wafers, CMOS sensors, Interference (communication), Signal detection, CMOS technology, Manufacturing

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Proceedings Article | 25 September 2012 Paper

Evaluation and optimization of NIR HgCdTe avalanche photodiode arrays for adaptive optics and interferometry

Gert Finger, Ian Baker, Domingo Alvarez, Derek Ives, Leander Mehrgan, Manfred Meyer, Joerg Stegmeier, Peter Thorne, Harald Weller

Proceedings Volume 8453, 84530T (2012) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.926288

KEYWORDS: Avalanche photodetectors, Readout integrated circuits, Sensors, Mercury cadmium telluride, Wavefront sensors, Liquid phase epitaxy, Nondestructive evaluation, Capacitance, Prototyping, Video

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Proceedings Article | 25 September 2012 Paper

AQUARIUS: the next generation mid-IR detector for ground-based astronomy

Derek Ives, Gert Finger, Gerd Jakob, Siegfried Eschbaumer, Leander Mehrgan, Manfred Meyer, Joerg Steigmeier

Proceedings Volume 8453, 845312 (2012) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.925844

KEYWORDS: Sensors, Mid-IR, Signal detection, Astronomy, Photons, Field effect transistors, Interference (communication), Detector development, Multiplexers, Nondestructive evaluation

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Proceedings Article | 28 July 2010 Paper

Characterization of OCam and CCD220: the fastest and most sensitive camera to date for AO wavefront sensing

Philippe Feautrier, Jean-Luc Gach, Philippe Balard, Christian Guillaume, Mark Downing, Norbert Hubin, Eric Stadler, Yves Magnard, Michael Skegg, Mark Robbins, Sandy Denney, Wolfgang Suske, Paul Jorden, Patrick Wheeler, Peter Pool, Ray Bell, David Burt, Ian Davies, Javier Reyes, Manfred Meyer, Dietrich Baade, Markus Kasper, Robin Arsenault, Thierry Fusco, José Javier Diaz-Garcia

Proceedings Volume 7736, 77360Z (2010) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.856401

KEYWORDS: Cameras, Adaptive optics, Charge-coupled devices, Quantum efficiency, Electron multiplying charge coupled devices, Sensors, Wavefront sensors, Amplifiers, Clocks, Imaging systems

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Proceedings Article | 20 July 2010 Paper

SIDECAR ASIC at ESO

Reinhold Dorn, Siegfried Eschbaumer, Gert Finger, Derek Ives, Manfred Meyer, Joerg Stegmeier

Proceedings Volume 7742, 774219 (2010) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.856643

KEYWORDS: Sensors, Electronics, Capacitance, Quantum efficiency, Silicon, Infrared detectors, Interfaces, Analog electronics, Electrons, Infrared sensors

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Proceedings Article | 20 July 2010 Paper

Performance evaluation of 5 µm cut-off Hawaii-2RG detectors using the fast readout amplifiers

Derek Ives, Gert Finger, Reinhold Dorn, Siegfried Eschbaumer, Leander Mehrgan, Manfred Meyer, Joerg Stegmeier

Proceedings Volume 7742, 77421S (2010) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.858063

KEYWORDS: Sensors, Cryogenics, Capacitance, Detector development, Video, Astronomy, Clocks, Mid-IR, Electronics, Amplifiers

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Proceedings Article | 20 July 2010 Paper

Development of high-speed, low-noise NIR HgCdTe avalanche photodiode arrays for adaptive optics and interferometry

Gert Finger, Ian Baker, Reinhold Dorn, Siegfried Eschbaumer, Derek Ives, Leander Mehrgan, Manfred Meyer, Jörg Stegmeier

Proceedings Volume 7742, 77421K (2010) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.857316

KEYWORDS: Avalanche photodetectors, Sensors, Multiplexers, Mercury cadmium telluride, Interference (communication), Video, Infrared sensors, Infrared radiation, Photons, Wavefront sensors

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Proceedings Article | 24 July 2008 Paper

Performance evaluation, readout modes, and calibration techniques of HgCdTe Hawaii-2RG mosaic arrays

Gert Finger, Reinhold Dorn, Siegfried Eschbaumer, Donald Hall, Leander Mehrgan, Manfred Meyer, Joerg Stegmeier

Proceedings Volume 7021, 70210P (2008) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.787971

KEYWORDS: Sensors, Capacitance, Calibration, Stars, Mercury cadmium telluride, Signal detection, Infrared radiation, Electrons, Photometry, Multiplexers

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Proceedings Article | 22 July 2008 Paper

The L3Vision CCD220 with its OCam test camera for AO applications in Europe

Philippe Feautrier, Jean-Luc Gach, Philippe Balard, Christian Guillaume, Mark Downing, Eric Stadler, Yves Magnard, Sandy Denney, Wolfgang Suske, Paul Jorden, Patrick Wheeler, Michael Skegg, Peter Pool, Ray Bell, David Burt, Javier Reyes, Manfred Meyer, Norbert Hubin, Dietrich Baade, Markus Kasper, Robin Arsenault, Thierry Fusco, Jose Javier Diaz Garcia

Proceedings Volume 7021, 70210C (2008) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.788009

KEYWORDS: Charge-coupled devices, Cameras, Sensors, Adaptive optics, Clocks, Silicon, Electron multiplying charge coupled devices, Stars, Optical amplifiers, Camera shutters

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Proceedings Article | 22 July 2008 Paper

Evaluation of the Teledyne SIDECAR ASIC at cryogenic temperature using a visible hybrid H2RG focal plane array in 32 channel readout mode

Reinhold Dorn, Siegfried Eschbaumer, Donald N. Hall, Gert Finger, Leander Mehrgan, Manfred Meyer, Joerg Stegmeier

Proceedings Volume 7021, 70210Q (2008) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.788717

KEYWORDS: Sensors, Electrons, Electronics, Silicon, Capacitance, Analog electronics, Quantum efficiency, Infrared sensors, Cryogenics, Infrared detectors

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Proceedings Article | 22 July 2008 Paper

Performance and evaluation of the infrared AO sensor CALICO

Leander Mehrgan, Siegfried Eschbaumer, Gert Finger, Manfred Meyer, Joerg Stegmeier

Proceedings Volume 7021, 70210W (2008) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.789124

KEYWORDS: Sensors, Infrared sensors, Adaptive optics, Interference (communication), Amplifiers, Infrared detectors, Video, Cryogenics, Photons, Infrared radiation

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Proceedings Article | 15 June 2006 Paper

Custom CCD for adaptive optics applications

Mark Downing, Robin Arsenault, Dietrich Baade, Philippe Balard, Ray Bell, David Burt, Sandy Denney, Philippe Feautrier, Thierry Fusco, Jean-Luc Gach, José Javier Diaz Garcia, Christian Guillaume, Norbert Hubin, Paul Jorden, Markus Kasper, Manfred Meyer, Peter Pool, Javier Reyes, Michael Skegg, Eric Stadler, Wolfgang Suske, Patrick Wheeler

Proceedings Volume 6276, 62760H (2006) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.671330

KEYWORDS: Clocks, Charge-coupled devices, Camera shutters, Adaptive optics, Point spread functions, Silicon, Sensors, Image storage, Electron multiplying charge coupled devices, Cameras

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Proceedings Article | 15 June 2006 Paper

Interpixel capacitance in large format CMOS hybrid arrays

G. Finger, R. Dorn, M. Meyer, L. Mehrgan, A. Moorwood, J. Stegmeier

Proceedings Volume 6276, 62760F (2006) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.671828

KEYWORDS: Capacitance, Sensors, Mercury cadmium telluride, Point spread functions, Diodes, Capacitive coupling, Multiplexers, Interference (communication), Signal detection, Capacitors

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Proceedings Article | 15 June 2006 Paper

A CMOS visible silicon imager hybridized to a Rockwell 2RG multiplexer as a new detector for ground based astronomy

Reinhold Dorn, Siegfried Eschbaumer, Gert Finger, Leander Mehrgan, Manfred Meyer, Joerg Stegmeier

Proceedings Volume 6276, 627607 (2006) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.671422

KEYWORDS: Sensors, Quantum efficiency, Capacitance, Photons, Silicon, Electrons, Charge-coupled devices, Multiplexers, Diodes, Imaging systems

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Proceedings Article | 30 September 2004 Paper

CRIRES: a high-resolution infrared spectrograph for ESO's VLT

Hans-Ulrich Kaeufl, Pascal Ballester, Peter Biereichel, Bernard Delabre, Rob Donaldson, Reinhold Dorn, Enrico Fedrigo, Gert Finger, Gerhard Fischer, Francis Franza, Domingo Gojak, Gotthard Huster, Yves Jung, Jean-Louis Lizon, Leander Mehrgan, Manfred Meyer, Alan Moorwood, Jean-Francois Pirard, Jerome Paufique, Eszter Pozna, Ralf Siebenmorgen, Armin Silber, Joerg Stegmeier, Stefan Wegerer

Proceedings Volume 5492, (2004) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.551480

KEYWORDS: Sensors, Infrared radiation, Spectrographs, Calibration, Adaptive optics, Stars, Infrared spectroscopy, Cryogenics, Prisms, Spectral resolution

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Proceedings Article | 29 September 2004 Paper

Performance of large-format 2Kx2K MBE grown HgCdTe Hawaii-2RG arrays for low-flux applications

Gert Finger, Reinhold Dorn, Manfred Meyer, Leander Mehrgan, Joerg Stegmeier, Alan Moorwood

Proceedings Volume 5499, (2004) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.554044

KEYWORDS: Sensors, Quantum efficiency, Multiplexers, Mercury cadmium telluride, Cryogenics, Liquid phase epitaxy, Infrared radiation, Nondestructive evaluation, Video, Cameras

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Proceedings Article | 29 September 2004 Paper

Performance limitations of small-format high-speed infrared arrays for active control loops in interferometry and adaptive optics

Gert Finger, Roger Smith, Serge Menardi, Reinhold Dorn, Manfred Meyer, Leander Mehrgan, Joerg Stegmeier, Alan Moorwood

Proceedings Volume 5499, (2004) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.554322

KEYWORDS: Sensors, Infrared radiation, Multiplexers, Adaptive optics, Interferometry, Infrared sensors, Optical fibers, Mercury cadmium telluride, Infrared detectors, Charge-coupled devices

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Proceedings Article | 29 September 2004 Paper

The CRIRES InSb megapixel focal plane array detector mosaic

Reinhold Dorn, Gert Finger, Gotthard Huster, Hans-Ulrich Kaeufl, Jean-Louis Lizon, Leander Mehrgan, Manfred Meyer, Jean-Francois Pirard, Armin Silber, Joerg Stegmeier, Alan Moorwood

Proceedings Volume 5499, (2004) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.551501

KEYWORDS: Sensors, Staring arrays, Ceramics, Black bodies, Aluminum nitride, Infrared sensors, Infrared spectroscopy, Cryogenics, Photons, Connectors

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Proceedings Article | 7 March 2003 Paper

CRIRES: a high-resolution infrared spectrograph for the ESO VLT

Alan Moorwood, Peter Biereichel, Joar Brynnel, Bernard Delabre, Reinhold Dorn, Gert Finger, Francis Franza, Gotthard Huster, Yves Jung, Hans-Ulrich Kaeufl, Franz Koch, Markus Kasper, Raphael Lescouzeres, Jean-Luis Lizon, Hamid Mehrgan, Manfred Meyer, Jean-Francois Pirard, Ralf Siebenmorgen, Barbara Sokar, Joerg Stegmeier, Guenther Wiedemann

Proceedings Volume 4841, (2003) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.457987

KEYWORDS: Spectrographs, Sensors, Adaptive optics, Prisms, Infrared radiation, Mirrors, Cryogenics, Telescopes, Calibration, Infrared spectroscopy

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Proceedings Article | 16 August 2000 Paper

Performance of large-format HgCdTe and InSb arrays for low-background applications

Gert Finger, Hamid Mehrgan, Manfred Meyer, Alan Moorwood, Gianalfredo Nicolini, Joerg Stegmeier

Proceedings Volume 4008, (2000) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.395445

KEYWORDS: Sensors, Nondestructive evaluation, Multiplexers, Signal detection, Electrons, Video, Charge-coupled devices, Mercury cadmium telluride, Cryogenics, Infrared telescopes

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Proceedings Article | 21 August 1998 Paper

ESO infrared detector high-speed array control and processing electronic IRACE

Manfred Meyer, Gert Finger, Hamid Mehrgan, Gianalfredo Nicolini, Joerg Stegmeier

Proceedings Volume 3354, (1998) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.317255

KEYWORDS: Sensors, Fiber optics, Data acquisition, Infrared detectors, Detector arrays, Control systems, Data processing, Process control, Computing systems, Infrared sensors

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Proceedings Article | 21 August 1998 Paper

Infrared detector development programs for the VLT instruments at the European Southern Observatory

Gert Finger, Peter Biereichel, Hamid Mehrgan, Manfred Meyer, Alan Moorwood, Gianalfredo Nicolini, Joerg Stegmeier

Proceedings Volume 3354, (1998) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.317209

KEYWORDS: Sensors, Mercury cadmium telluride, Infrared radiation, Telescopes, Infrared imaging, Optical amplifiers, Infrared telescopes, Nondestructive evaluation, Infrared spectroscopy, Cryogenics

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Proceedings Article | 21 March 1997 Paper

Megapixel infrared arrays at the European Southern Observatory

Gert Finger, Peter Biereichel, Jean-Luis Lizon, Hamid Mehrgan, Manfred Meyer, Alan Moorwood, Gianalfredo Nicolini, A. Silber, Joerg Stegmeier

Proceedings Volume 2871, (1997) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.269004

KEYWORDS: Sensors, Infrared radiation, Quantum efficiency, Nondestructive evaluation, Video, Mercury cadmium telluride, Thermography, Data acquisition, Cameras, Signal detection

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Proceedings Article | 6 June 1995 Paper

High-well-capacity InSb infrared arrays for the 1 to 5 um wavelength range

Gert Finger, Gianalfredo Nicolini, Manfred Meyer, Alan Moorwood

Proceedings Volume 2475, (1995) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.211264

KEYWORDS: Sensors, Quantum efficiency, Thermography, Diodes, Infrared radiation, Multiplexers, Temperature metrology, K band, Optical filters, Black bodies

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Proceedings Article | 6 June 1995 Paper

Connection between detector front end and number cruncher with a 1-gigabit-per-second multiplexing fiber optic link

Manfred Meyer, Gert Finger, Hamid Mehrgan

Proceedings Volume 2475, (1995) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.211290

KEYWORDS: Receivers, Fiber optics, Transceivers, Transmitters, Signal processing, Sensors, Data acquisition, Logic, Data transmission, Clocks

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Proceedings Article | 1 June 1994 Paper

Real-time image sharpening without adaptive optics by on-chip tracking

Gert Finger, Peter Biereichel, A. van Dijsseldonk, Manfred Meyer, Alan Moorwood

Proceedings Volume 2198, (1994) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.176738

KEYWORDS: Telescopes, Sensors, Nondestructive evaluation, Infrared radiation, Infrared cameras, Infrared imaging, Adaptive optics, Cameras, Stars, Speckle

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Proceedings Article | 20 October 1993 Paper

Image sharpening by on-chip tracking in IRAC2

Gert Finger, Peter Biereichel, Manfred Meyer, Alan Moorwood

Proceedings Volume 1946, (1993) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.158724

KEYWORDS: Sensors, Nondestructive evaluation, Signal detection, Infrared detectors, Electrons, Luminescence, Telescopes, Spatial resolution, Infrared cameras, K band

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Showing 5 of 32 publications

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