In this paper, we propose simple but effective tools to quantify the quality of the optical vortex generated by the SLM.
This work was motivated to assist non-experienced users with objective criteria that determine if the optical vortex is of good quality. This, indeed, depends on the particular application, however in general, the user is interested in obtaining as symmetric vortex as possible. Therefore we propose 4 independent quantities calculated over a single-shot intensity distribution of an optical vortex. These quantities examine various vortex features such as contrast, eccentricity, dark-hollow to bright-ring ratio, and singular point position, each time returning the value that can compare various vortices generated within the single setup. The performance of these criteria is shown in the real experimental examples, proving that they can be efficiently applied in modern optical laboratories.
With this work, we would like to provide a valuable tool, that can be operated by the non-experienced user in order to correct the imperfection of the optical vortex using digital holography or other setup alignment procedures. All of the presented quantities are available as an open-source, ready-to-use, MATLAB algorithm.
We report a white-light interferometric method for broad-band measurements of chromatic dispersion of higher-order-modes (HOMs) selectively excited in an optical fiber using a spatial light modulator (SLM). To excite a specific mode we appropriately modulated a phase distribution across a supercontinuum input beam with the SLM used in reflective configuration. For this purpose, the SLM surface was divided into azimuthally and radially distributed sectors which introduce the phase shifts equal alternately to 0 or π radians, similarly as in the targeted mode. The voltage applied to respective sectors of the SLM was corrected versus wavelength to ensure broad-band dispersion measurements for the required mode. For a given voltage setting, the dispersion measurements were possible without any correction over 250 nm in the visible and over even greater range in the infrared. We demonstrate feasibility of the proposed approach in the measurements of chromatic dispersion for all modes supported by Corning SMF-28e, i.e., LP01, LP11, LP21, LP02, and LP31. The measurements were conducted in the spectral range from 450 nm up to the cut-off wavelengths of respective higher order modes and up to 1600 nm for the fundamental mode.
This work, based on classical light, was in uenced by quantum applications, where comparison of quantum states is an important issue. Laguerre-Gaussian modes were used to encode and compare two independent signals. Polarization controlled SWAP gate exchanges information between two strings of data, therefore preventing them from the leakage. Comparison is done with kHz frequency, achieved by the Digital Micromirror Device. Detected power, being a single value, represents an overlap of both signals. Presented system is capable to perform direct error analysis together with a normalization procedure, which overcomes the necessity of data post-processing and largely reduces time required for such comparison. We present a calibration procedure, which uses the glass sample to determine the performance of the experimental setup.
A full comparative analysis of the chain of phase singularities generated when a quasi-plane wave and a Gaussian beam pass a double-phase-ramp (DPR) converter is presented based on the theoretical and experimental data. The overall output beam structure includes a system of interrelated optical vortices (OVs) whose linear trajectories form a threedimensional singular skeleton which can be applied for the trapping and guiding of microparticles. An internal structure of each individual phase singularity is characterized by the OV topological charge and by the morphology parameters of the equal intensity ellipses in the OV-core area. The rectilinear equidistant OV trajectories form a chain in the transverse cross section, and their identical morphology parameters can be useful for the applications to metrology and micromanipulation. As a separate result, we consider the DPR-induced transformations of the incident Laguerre-Gaussian beams of the lowest orders and show that the incident multicharged OVs are transformed into small sub-chains of the OVs located in the near-axial region.
One of the challenges for every optical system is preserving the quality of the used beam, which may be significantly reduced, due to the low condition of used optical elements or their misalignment. There are plenty of methods focused on correction of the final beam, depending on the used entire optical system. Problem of efficient beam evaluation is just as important. So far, most of the measurements, are based on visual inspection, which is not always enough, especially when the high quality of the beam is required. Novel approaches use structured light to increase beam sensitivity for any imperfections. In this paper we present approach, which uses optical vortex shifted off-axis for a beam quality measurement. It uses SLM as a vortex generating element, which is shifted off-axis by proper hologram transformation. Tracking of the vortex trajectory may provide information about beam quality and aberration of optical system. The new vortex localization algorithm will be presented.
We present an idea to use optical vortex as a spatial light modulator (SLM) phase modulation depth marker. It can open a way to fast and efficient SLM calibration, which is required especially for SLMs that are able to change between introduced phase shift. Additionally, it may be used to control optical system aberrations and proper SLM phase shift, simultaneously. In this paper, the typical calibration method is discussed in brief. Next the new method based on vortex quality inspection is presented. The idea of the new method is preliminary verified in experiment, which is followed by a discussion of further research, that need to be done.
Optical vortex microscope is an optical system in which the beam illuminating the sample contains the optical vortex- a characteristic structure which contains a point of zero amplitude and undefined phase. Such a beam is very sensitive to the phase or amplitude defects which are introduced into it. In this paper we analyze experimentally the response of the optical vortex microscope to the small phase changes introduced into the beam.
One of the challenges for the Optical Vortex Scanning microscope is to find the effective procedures for surface
topography reconstruction. We proposed an experimental setup to support solution of this problem. The Spatial Light
Modulator (SLM) is used as a phase object. SLM allows to generate phase disturbance in the range 0-2π, which can be
easily introduced into the beam carrying optical vortex. Our system gives an opportunity to measure optical vortex
response due to phase modifications introduced by the SLM and investigate vortex sensitivity. We tested how the object
position, size affects vortex and position of the vortex point inside the beam.
We present the analytical model describing the Gaussian beam propagation through the off axis vortex lens and the set of axially positioned ideal lenses. The model is derived on the base of Fresnel diffraction integral. The model is extended to the case of vortex lens with any topological charge m. We have shown that the Gaussian beam propagation can be represented by function G which depends on four coefficients. When propagating from one lens to another the function holds its form but the coefficient changes.
The optical system working with focused Gaussian beam carrying a higher order optical vortex is considered. Additionally the optical vortex movement inside the beam is proposed allowing the precise scanning of the sample inserted into the beam. The analytical formula for the Fresnel diffraction integral with the shifted optical vortex has been calculated and compared with the numerical results. The experimental validation of this problem has been also presented.
We consider an optical system in which the optical vortex moves inside the focused Gaussian beam. The vortex movement is due to the vortex lens inserted in front of the focusing objective. We gradually shift the vortex lens along the x-axis which is perpendicular to the axis of laser beam propagation (z-axis). This causes that in the image plane vortex moves along a straight line but the line inclination depends on the position of the observation plane. There is a characteristic position of the observation plane, in which the vortex trajectory is perpendicular to the vortex plate shift. We call this plane a critical plane. The critical plane is sensitive to small phase variations which can be introduce by a transparent sample. We propose a way of retrieving the phase profile (at the critical plane) of such a beam. Our procedure is based on the Fourier transform phase demodulation method. We also investigate how the system reacts to the known phase variations introduced into the critical plane.
In this paper we present the Optical Vortex Scanning Microscope (OVSM) in which the new scanning method induced by vortex lens movement is introduced. This method allows to scan the sample in a simple way. The behavior of the vortex position at the sample plane and phase retrieval algorithm is discussed. The new experimental results confirming the progress in the OVSM building are presented.
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