This research introduces an innovative quantitative phase microscopy system employing a phase-contrast configuration. Azobenzene liquid crystal material serves as the phase-contrast modulator, and a polarization-sensing camera acts as the detector, capturing four-shifted images in a single shot. The quantitative phase information is then retrieved through a four-step phase-shifting algorithm. Our study establishes a correlation between the four detected polarization states and the Pancharatnam-Berry geometric phase characteristics of the liquid crystal material. This research holds significance as it advances our comprehension of single-shot QPM utilizing geometric phase and holds the potential to revolutionize real-time monitoring and 3D visualization across diverse biological scenarios.
In this paper, we propose simple but effective tools to quantify the quality of the optical vortex generated by the SLM.
This work was motivated to assist non-experienced users with objective criteria that determine if the optical vortex is of good quality. This, indeed, depends on the particular application, however in general, the user is interested in obtaining as symmetric vortex as possible. Therefore we propose 4 independent quantities calculated over a single-shot intensity distribution of an optical vortex. These quantities examine various vortex features such as contrast, eccentricity, dark-hollow to bright-ring ratio, and singular point position, each time returning the value that can compare various vortices generated within the single setup. The performance of these criteria is shown in the real experimental examples, proving that they can be efficiently applied in modern optical laboratories.
With this work, we would like to provide a valuable tool, that can be operated by the non-experienced user in order to correct the imperfection of the optical vortex using digital holography or other setup alignment procedures. All of the presented quantities are available as an open-source, ready-to-use, MATLAB algorithm.
Quantitative phase Microscopy is an advantageous technique to retrieve 3D cell information to estimate cell dry mass and morphology. A popular method is to implement this setup in a common path configuration because it is a system robust to vibrations, and it combines phase contrast imaging with phase shifting techniques to provide high-accuracy measurements. However, this approach requires using a spatial light modulator and at least three images to calculate the phase. In our approach, we leverage the optical anisotropy of liquid crystal materials and a polarized camera to obtain four phase-shifted images simultaneously.
Quantitative phase imaging has emerged as a powerful label-free technique to understand and monitor biological samples. This technique can measure optical phase changes that can be used to estimate dry mass cells, density, and to monitor cell growth. One approach of this technique consists of placing a phase filter at the Fourier plane of a 4-f imaging system. Several studies have demonstrated the use of nonlinear optical materials as phase filters in commonpath configuration to modulate a phase filter as required in phase-contrast imaging (Zernike configuration). Furthermore, quantitative phase measurements have also been reported using liquid crystal materials as a phase filter. This work exploits the nonlinear response of a recently synthesized azobenzene liquid crystal material to obtain multiple interferograms of arbitrary phase shift. This material is of interest because of the extremely high optical nonlinearity (n2=2.1X10-1 cm2/W), will potentially enable applications where low-intensity illumination is required. A random phaseshifting algorithm for common-path configuration is employed to measure the phase object using less than twenty interferograms. Quantitative phase imaging includes not only biological applications such as in vitro fertilization, estimation of solution concentration, and live stem cell study; it also includes industrial applications that require a robust system that is able to measure in harsh environments such as mechanical vibrations.
This work presents a stable noise-robust numerical integration technique derived from a gradient representation of the Q-Forbes polynomials for surfaces with axial symmetry. This modal-integration technique uses an orthogonalization process through the Householder reflections to obtain a numerically orthogonal set for the surface slopes that is used to reconstruct the surface shape. It is shown that for typical Deflectometry measurements, the resulting random component of the uncertainty after numerical integration has a root mean square error well below 1nm.
Quantitative phase imaging (QPI) has made a tremendous contribution to microbiology and medicine. Recently, QPI has been used for in-vitro fertilization optimization, and cell culture monitoring, among others. These accomplishments have been made using phase measurements. QPI is based on well-known optical metrology techniques. The challenge in QPI is developing phase measuring systems that can be used in the medical or microbiological environment. For such applications, two-beam interferometers are not suitable. In this context, we propose a common path interferometric system that provides quantitative phase measurements. The method combines the diffraction phase microscopy with the arbitrary phase shifting technique. The phase-shifted images are obtained by means of a shifted diffraction grating and an amplitude filter that allows interference between the undiffracted light and the first spatial frequency at the Fourier plane. The results show a reduction in the noise of the resultant phase when using the arbitrary phase shifting technique. This system can potentially be used to quantify nanoscale motions in living cells.
Multi-wavelength phase unwrapping techniques have traditionally been used to unwrap the phase at the shortest measurement wavelength, where numerous techniques have been developed with distinct advantages for a given application. Nevertheless, multi-wavelength techniques are more than phase unwrapping approaches: super-sensitive multiwavelength interferometers have a lower uncertainty than conventional interferometers, multi-wavelength techniques can break the Nyquist limit and thereby relax the requirements on the measurement system, and multi-wavelength techniques have also unconventional applications as e.g. optical encryption. This work discusses different multi-wavelength techniques, derives new noise criteria with no approximations, and outlines important, but still little researched areas of multi-wavelength phase unwrapping techniques.
Fringe Projection Profilometry and Phase Measuring Deflectometry Systems are well-established technologies for noncontact 3D surface measurements. A common challenge in those systems is to obtain the absolute surface information using few measurement frames. In practice both techniques often generate a series of sinusoidal fringe patterns with different frequencies and use a camera vision system to capture the (by the object) deformed patterns. The images containing the deformed patterns are then processed to obtain the 3D surface information. Sinusoidal multi-frequency techniques have been for years and are an on-going area of research, where various algorithms have been developed to measure the unwrapped phase map (at the shortest fringe period). Commonly, temporal phase shifting techniques are used to extract the phase at different frequencies. However, obtaining the phase map for every fringe period requires multiple measurement frames. In this work, the advantages of efficient grey level (GL) coding techniques are presented, where a focus is given on the reduction of frames for noncontact 3D surface measurements. A further focus is given on additional features of GL coding as e.g. the error-detecting and the error-correcting properties of those codes that make GL coding an interesting candidate for harsher measurement environments.
Optical imaging through highly scattering media such as biological tissue is limited by light scattering. Recently, it has been shown that wavefront shaping is a powerful tool to overcome this problem. In this work, wavefront shaping using spatial light modulators is used to compensate static scattering media (piece of translucent tape) to allow focusing of different intensity distributions. Light propagation is engineered into a specific region of interest. For this purpose, a sequential phase shape algorithm was implemented experimentally. This algorithm is used to encode a phase distribution on an incident beam to pre-compensate phase distortions acquired by the beam after propagating through the tape. The sequential algorithm combined with a spatial light modulator is used to synthesize a phase distribution required for redirecting light using wavefront shaping. The scattered light was re-directed at the detector plane, in order to be: i) focused at a single pixel, ii) at squared regions of 3×3 and 5×5 pixeles and iii) a line pattern of 41 pixels of the camera. Furthermore, the region of interest was placed outside the central area of the camera opening the possibility of image formation.
Conventional (analog) holographic interferometry (HI) has been used as a powerful technique in optical metrology since sixties of XX century. However, its practical applications have been constrained because of the cumbersome procedures required for holographic material development. Digital holography has brought significant simplifications due to digital capture of holograms and their further numerical reconstruction and manipulation of reconstructed phases and amplitudes. These features are the fundamentals of double exposure digital holographic interferometry which nowadays is used in such applications as industrial inspection, medical imaging, microscopy and metrology. However another very popular HI technique, namely real time holographic interferometry has not been demonstrated in its digital version. In this paper we propose the experimental-numerical method which allows for real-time DHI implementation. In the first stage a set of digital phase shifted holograms of an object in an initial condition is captured and the phase of an object wavefront in the hologram plane is calculated. This phase is used to address a spatial light modulator, which generates the initial object wavefront. This wavefront (after proper SLM calibration) propagates toward an object and interfere with an actual object wavefront giving real-time interference fringes. The procedure works correctly in the case when CCD camera and SLM LCOS pixel sizes are the same. Usually it is not the case. Therefore we had proposed two different methods which allow the overcome of this mismatch pixel problem. The first one compensates for lateral magnification and the second one is based on re-sampling of a captured phase. The methods are compared through numerical simulations and with experimental data. Finally, the implications of setting up the experiment with the object reference phase compensated by the two approaches are analyzed and the changes in an object are monitored in real time by DHI.
Fast optical self-focusing has been observed in a homeotropic nematic liquid crystal cell. This nonlinearity is induced by
an intensity modulated infrared laser having a peak power of 160mW, a pulse repetition rate of 150Hz, and a duty cycle
of 0.05 and launched with extraordinary polarization. During these experiments the illumination time is kept at 0.3msec
and the ambient temperature is controlled. We have observed that self-focusing propagation depends on ambient
temperature, laser power and duty cycle. Notably, when illuminating with a continuous beam having the same
corresponding average power, only diffraction can be observed. These results suggest that the nonlinearity is produced
by a combination of thermal effects and molecular reorientation that leads to changes in the order parameter. Further
optical experiments and thermal calculations have been conducted to identify the responsible mechanism for the self-focusing
of the laser beam. It has been found that soliton formation can be achieved if the parameters as ambient
temperature, pulse repetition rate and duty cycle of the laser are set to optimal conditions. Although, this nonlinearity in
a liquid crystal cell has been already demonstrated for transverse illumination, the presence of beam propagation with
self-focusing has not been reported yet. The fast nonlinearity reported in this work has the potential to generate a number
of new applications of liquid crystals.
Nonlinear phase contrast microscopy is an optical technique that uses an intensity-dependent refractive index material to
produce high-contrasted images of transparent specimens. Earlier proposal of liquid crystals as phase filters for phase
contrast applications used optically addressed spatial light modulators fabricated with photoconductive film. Here, we
propose the use of a simpler planar nematic liquid crystal cell doped with 1% wt methyl red. Owing to their polarization
dependent enhancement factor a tunable phase filter can be photoinduced efficiently. Thus, images of different degree of
contrast (and even contrast reversal) can be obtained either by rotating the polarization vector. All optical real-time
imaging of dynamic events can be performed and image processing such as edge enhancement is demonstrated.
The new astronomical instruments; spectrographs, cameras, focal reducers, telescopes, etc., requires to work in more and more wide spectral ranges and with very large fields of vision. Therefore, the chromatic aberrations and the field curvature are aberrations very difficult to correct and to balance in the process of optical design. For that problem, in the stage of optical design is necessary to add more optical components in the instrument, also we need to use more aspherical surfaces and we need more time of optical design, etc. In this work we propose to use the technique of wavefront coding using a cubic phase mask to obtain optical systems with an extended depth of field that corrects the chromatic aberration and the field curvature automatically. In this paper we present preliminary results of this technique.
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