Dr. Andrew G. Kirk Profile

Dr. Andrew G. Kirk

Professor at McGill Univ

SPIE Involvement:

Author

Publications (77)

Proceedings Article | 3 March 2022 Presentation + Paper

Gold nanorod-decorated multiwalled carbon nanotubes for near-infrared photothermal therapy

Fatma Oudjedi, Seung Soo Lee, Miltiadis Paliouras, Mark Trifiro, Andrew Kirk

Proceedings Volume 11978, 1197809 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2608307

KEYWORDS: Carbon nanotubes, Gold, Nanostructures, Absorption, Plasmonics, Nanorods, Near infrared

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Proceedings Article | 21 February 2020 Presentation + Paper

Ultrafast VCSEL-based plasmonic polymerase chain reaction with real-time label-free amplicon detection for point-of-care diagnostics

P. Mohammadyousef, G. Uchehara, M. Paliouras, M. Trifiro, A. Kirk

Proceedings Volume 11257, 112570C (2020) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2552534

KEYWORDS: Plasmonics, Vertical cavity surface emitting lasers, Annealing, Gold, Diagnostics, Absorption, Microfluidics, Point-of-care devices, Transmission electron microscopy

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Proceedings Article | 20 February 2020 Paper

Ultrafast plasmonic and real-time label-free polymerase chain reaction

P. Mohammadyousef, M. Paliouras, M. Trifiro, A. Kirk

Proceedings Volume 11251, 112512N (2020) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2552521

KEYWORDS: Ultraviolet radiation, Absorption, Plasmonics, UV optics, Photodetectors, Vertical cavity surface emitting lasers, Ultraviolet light emitting diodes, Microfluidics, Luminescence, DNA photonics

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Proceedings Article | 11 April 2019 Presentation + Paper

Do you need a tunable laser for resonant cavity optical sensors?

Mohamed Najih, Rania Gamal, Andrew Kirk

Proceedings Volume 11028, 110280G (2019) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2522352

KEYWORDS: Tunable lasers, Modulation, Semiconductor lasers, Phase shifts, Refractive index, Photodetectors, Resonators, Optical microcavities, Sensors

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Proceedings Article | 27 March 2019 Presentation + Paper

Real time label-free monitoring of plasmonic polymerase chain reaction products

Gideon Uchehara, Andrew Kirk, Mark Trifiro, Miltiadis Paliouras, Padideh Mohammadyousef

Proceedings Volume 10969, 109690A (2019) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2518295

KEYWORDS: Plasmonics, Nanoparticles, Gold, Phase shifts, Diagnostics, Nanorods, Absorption

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Proceedings Article | 27 February 2015 Paper

Numerical and experimental investigation of plasmonic properties of silver nanocrescent structures for sensing applications

Ahmed Abumazwed, A. Kirk, W. Kubo, Takuo Tanaka

Proceedings Volume 9371, 937127 (2015) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2080562

KEYWORDS: Refractive index, Silver, Polarization, Finite-difference time-domain method, Nanolithography, Metals, Plasmonics, Scanning electron microscopy, Nanostructures, Glasses

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Proceedings Article | 25 September 2014 Paper

Plasmonic properties of suspended nanodisc structures for enhancement of the electric field distributions

A. Abumazwed, A. Kirk

Proceedings Volume 9288, 92880Z (2014) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2075317

KEYWORDS: Nanostructures, Gold, Refractive index, Polymers, Plasmonics, Nanolithography, Sensors, Finite-difference time-domain method, Optical properties, Nanoimprint lithography

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Proceedings Article | 27 August 2014 Paper

Nanocrystalline cellulose for optical encryption

Yu Ping Zhang, Karen Allahverdyan, Timothy Morse, Vamsy Chodavarapu, Andrew Kirk, Tigran Galstian, Mark Andrews

Proceedings Volume 9172, 91720R (2014) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2062974

KEYWORDS: Reflection, Diffraction gratings, Ultraviolet radiation, Reflectivity, Molecules, Luminescence, Solids, Adhesives, Polarization, Polymer thin films

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Proceedings Article | 21 February 2013 Paper

Spectro-angular optical biosensor based on surface plasmon resonance operating in the visible spectrum

Sandrine Filion Côté, Philip Roche, Andrew Kirk

Proceedings Volume 8597, 859711 (2013) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2004583

KEYWORDS: Refractive index, Surface plasmons, Cameras, Biosensors, Visible radiation, Error analysis, Reflectivity, Spatial resolution, Water, Light sources

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Proceedings Article | 19 February 2013 Open Access

Application of phase shift ring down spectroscopy to microcavities for biosensing

M. Imran Cheema, Usman Khan, Andrea Armani, Andrew Kirk

Proceedings Volume 8594, 859401 (2013) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2011779

KEYWORDS: Optical microcavities, Phase shifts, Spectroscopy, Biological research, Mathematical modeling, Sensors, Biosensing, Absorption, Modulation, Biosensors

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Proceedings Article | 24 October 2012 Paper

A comparison of switching energy of resonant and nonresonant electro-optic switches

Fatemeh Soltani, Andrew Kirk

Proceedings Volume 8412, 841222 (2012) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2001326

KEYWORDS: Switches, Switching, Electro optics, Refractive index, Electrodes, Interferometers, Linear filtering, Radon, Dense wavelength division multiplexing, Mirrors

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Proceedings Article | 24 October 2012 Paper

Study of plasmonic properties of gold nanoparticles of different shapes with emphasis on gold nanopyramids

A. Abumazwed, A. Kirk

Proceedings Volume 8412, 84121D (2012) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2007255

KEYWORDS: Gold, Nanoparticles, Optical properties, Finite-difference time-domain method, Autoregressive models, Biosensing, Refractive index, Plasmonics, Biosensors, Nanorods

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SPIE Journal Paper | 2 July 2012

Nanocrystalline cellulose for covert optical encryption

Yu Ping Zhang, Vamsy Chodavarapu, Andrew Kirk, Mark Andrews

JNP, Vol. 6, Issue 01, 063516, (July 2012) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.10.1117/1.JNP.6.063516

KEYWORDS: Ultraviolet radiation, Solids, Particles, Luminescence, Computer security, Reflection, Optical microscopy, Circular polarizers, Molecules, Optical activity

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Proceedings Article | 24 February 2012 Paper

Experimental demonstration of application of ring down measurement approach to microcavities for biosensing

M. Imran Cheema, Simin Mehrabani, Ahmad Hayat, Francis Vanier, Yves-Alain Peter, Andrea Armani, Andrew Kirk

Proceedings Volume 8212, 82120B (2012) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.907422

KEYWORDS: Optical microcavities, Biosensing, Spectroscopy, Biosensors, Modulation, Laser sources, Phase shifts, Silica, Sensors, Tunable lasers

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Proceedings Article | 18 February 2012 Paper

Nanocrystalline cellulose for covert optical encryption

Yu Ping Zhang, Vamsy Chodavarapu, Andrew Kirk, Mark Andrews

Proceedings Volume 8258, 825808 (2012) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.906770

KEYWORDS: Ultraviolet radiation, Solids, Luminescence, Reflection, Particles, Dichroic materials, Optical microscopy, Computer security, Circular polarizers, Optical activity

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Proceedings Article | 15 February 2012 Paper

A study of a self diagnostic platform for the detection of A2 biomarker for Leishmania donovani

Philip Roche, Maurice Cheung, Mohamed Najih, Laura-Isobel McCall, Ibrahim Fakih, Vamsy Chodavarapu, Brian Ward, Momar Ndao, Andrew Kirk

Proceedings Volume 8229, 82290C (2012) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.910146

KEYWORDS: Plasmonics, Polymers, Luminescence, Calibration, Diagnostics, Gold, Proteins, Pathogens, Microfluidics, Nanorods

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Proceedings Article | 2 February 2012 Paper

A nanorod polymer micro-array formed by micro-contact printing

Philip Roche, Songzhe Wang, Maurice Cheung, Vamsy Chodavarapu, Andrew Kirk

Proceedings Volume 8231, 82310O (2012) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.910142

KEYWORDS: Polymers, Luminescence, Silicon, Gold, Glasses, Plasmonics, Printing, Surface plasmons, Plasmons, Nanorods

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Proceedings Article | 2 February 2012 Paper

Optical mapping by low-cost instrumentation and disposable chemically induced nanochannels

Philip Roche, Maurice Cheung, Lenore Beitel, Mark Trifiro, Vamsy Chodavarapu, Andrew Kirk

Proceedings Volume 8231, 82310K (2012) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.910138

KEYWORDS: Microscopes, Capillaries, Genetics, Polymers, Luminescence, Ultraviolet radiation, Tissues, Cancer, Molecules, Ions

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Proceedings Article | 12 February 2011 Paper

Demonstration of a reusable plasmonic polymer microarray sensing platform

Philip J. R. Roche, Maurice Cheung, Songzhe Wang, Behnam Banan, Vamsy Chodavarapu, Andrew Kirk

Proceedings Volume 7908, 79080P (2011) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.878848

KEYWORDS: Polymers, Plasmonics, Refractive index, Surface plasmons, Aluminum, Reflectivity, Ultraviolet radiation, Nanoparticles, Chemical elements, Gold

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Proceedings Article | 8 February 2011 Paper

Application of ring down measurement approach to micro-cavities for bio-sensing applications

M. Cheema, Andrew Kirk

Proceedings Volume 7888, 788808 (2011) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.874890

KEYWORDS: Biosensors, Sensors, Biosensing, Finite element methods, Water, Silica, Absorption, Refractive index, Picosecond phenomena, Spectroscopy

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Proceedings Article | 2 February 2011 Paper

Origin of iridescence in chiral nematic phase nanocrystalline cellulose for encryption and enhanced color

Yu Ping Zhang, Vamsy Chodavarapu, Andrew Kirk, Mark Andrews, Melodie Carluer, Gilles Picard

Proceedings Volume 7955, 79550V (2011) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.881492

KEYWORDS: Particles, Diffraction, Diffraction gratings, Liquid crystals, Microfluidics, Refractive index, Silica, Microscopes, Polarizers, Crystals

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Proceedings Article | 17 January 2011 Paper

Self-organized InAs quantum dot tube lasers and integrated optoelectronics on Si

Zetian Mi, Pablo Bianucci, Feng Li, Zhaobing Tian, Venkat Veerasubramanian, Andrew Kirk, David Plant, Philip Poole

Proceedings Volume 7943, 79431C (2011) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.876172

KEYWORDS: Waveguides, Quantum dots, Silicon, Semiconductor lasers, Resonators, Semiconductors, Gallium arsenide, Indium arsenide, Optical properties, Optoelectronics

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SPIE Journal Paper | 1 January 2011

Controlling optical properties and surface morphology of dry etched porous silicon

Maurice Cheung, Philip Roche, Mohamad Hajj-Hassan, Andrew Kirk, Zetian Mi, Vamsy Chodavarpu

JNP, Vol. 5, Issue 01, 053503, (January 2011) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.10.1117/1.3571270

KEYWORDS: Silicon, Etching, Reflectivity, Scanning electron microscopy, Optical properties, Semiconducting wafers, Dry etching, Scattering, Interfaces, Oxides

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SPIE Journal Paper | 1 January 2011

Errata: Controlling optical properties and surface morphology of dry etched porous silicon

Andrew Kirk, Maurice Cheung, Philip Roche, Mohamad Hajj-Hassan, Zetian Mi, Vamsy Chodavarapu

JNP, Vol. 5, Issue 01, 050102, (January 2011) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.10.1117/1.3592487

SPIE Journal Paper | 1 November 2010

Enhancement of luminescent quenching based oxygen sensing by gold nanoparticles: comparison between luminophore:matrix:nanoparticle thin films on glass and gold coated substrates

Philip Roche, Maurice Cheung, Lei Yao, Andrew Kirk, Vamsy Chodavarapu

JNP, Vol. 4, Issue 01, 043521, (November 2010) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.10.1117/1.3526729

KEYWORDS: Gold, Nanoparticles, Glasses, Luminescence, Thin films, Oxygen, Sensors, Sol-gels, Signal to noise ratio, Surface plasmons

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Proceedings Article | 16 September 2010 Paper

Enhancement in sensitivity and detection of luminescent quenching based oxygen sensing by gold nanoparticles

Maurice C.-K. Cheung, Philip J. R. Roche, Lei Yao, Andrew Kirk, Vamsy Chodavarapu

Proceedings Volume 7750, 775006 (2010) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.871036

KEYWORDS: Oxygen, Sol-gels, Nanoparticles, Signal to noise ratio, Gold, Luminescence, Sensors, Surface plasmons, Glasses, Sensing systems

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Proceedings Article | 12 August 2008 Paper

Imaging of photonic crystal slabs with non-ideal effective refractive index

Guilin Sun, Andrew Kirk

Proceedings Volume 7099, 70991B (2008) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.807289

KEYWORDS: Photonic crystals, Refractive index, Image resolution, Image acquisition, Interfaces, Negative refraction, Spatial frequencies, Wave propagation, Dielectrics, Refraction

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SPIE Journal Paper | 1 October 2007

Comparison of three ANSYS finite element tools for analysis of MEMS micromirrors

R. Jafari, Andrew Kirk

JM3, Vol. 6, Issue 04, 043011, (October 2007) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.10.1117/1.2804103

KEYWORDS: Micromirrors, Electrodes, Chemical elements, Microelectromechanical systems, 3D modeling, Transducers, Mirrors, Instrument modeling, Data modeling, Systems modeling

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Proceedings Article | 3 June 2007 Open Access

Optical engineering: learning by design

Andrew Kirk

Proceedings Volume 9665, 966521 (2007) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2207807

KEYWORDS: Geometrical optics, Optical engineering, Free space optics, Photonics, Gaussian beams, Interference filters, Polarization, Ray tracing, Optical design, Electromagnetic radiation

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Proceedings Article | 14 February 2007 Paper

Integrated surface plasmon resonance sensor with periodic nanostructures for sensitivity enhancement

Z. Khalid, X. Hoa, C. Alleyne, M. Tabrizian, J. Beauvais, P. Charette, N. Nicorovici, R. McPhedran, A. Kirk

Proceedings Volume 6450, 64500J (2007) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.700619

KEYWORDS: Sensors, Mirrors, Diffraction, Diffractive optical elements, Refractive index, Gold, Surface plasmons, Metals, Diffraction gratings, Proteins

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Proceedings Article | 9 February 2007 Paper

Distributed subwavelength grating demultiplexer in SOI

Eric Bisaillon, Dawn Tan, Marie-Claude Nadeau, Lukas Chrostowski, Andrew Kirk

Proceedings Volume 6475, 64750C (2007) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.700709

KEYWORDS: Waveguides, Diffraction gratings, Demultiplexers, Etching, Finite-difference time-domain method, Diffraction, Beam propagation method, Reflectivity, Optical design, 3D modeling

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Proceedings Article | 8 September 2006 Paper

Open cavities using photonic crystals with negative refraction

Guilin Sun, Aref Bakhtazad, Aju Jugessur, Andrew Kirk

Proceedings Volume 6343, 63433M (2006) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.708026

KEYWORDS: Negative refraction, Refractive index, Prisms, Photonic crystals, Refraction, Dielectrics, Metamaterials, Finite-difference time-domain method, Mirrors, Super resolution

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Proceedings Article | 22 June 2006 Paper

Saturated super-resolution imaging of photonic crystal with negative refraction

Guilin Sun, Aju Jugessur, Andrew Kirk

Proceedings Volume 6282, 62821V (2006) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.685184

KEYWORDS: Near field, Super resolution, Photonic crystals, Refractive index, Negative refraction, Image resolution, Diffraction, Near field optics, Geometrical optics, Dielectrics

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Proceedings Article | 13 October 2005 Paper

Wavefront engineering with photonic crystal structures in slab waveguides

Andrew Kirk, Aref Bakhtazad

Proceedings Volume 5970, 597021 (2005) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.633442

KEYWORDS: Photonic crystals, Waveguides, Dispersion, Prisms, Demultiplexers, Wavefronts, Mirrors, Phase velocity, Wave propagation, Light wave propagation

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Proceedings Article | 4 October 2005 Paper

2-D photonic crystals microcavity filters based on hexagonal lattice structures embedded in ridge waveguides

A. Jugessur, P. Pottier, R. De La Rue, A. Kirk

Proceedings Volume 5971, 59711E (2005) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.629749

KEYWORDS: Waveguides, Optical microcavities, Mirrors, Photonic crystals, Optical filters, Wavelength division multiplexing, Photonic integrated circuits, Aluminum, Gallium, Integrated photonics

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Proceedings Article | 7 March 2005 Paper

Design rules for high-speed low-power optoelectronic-VLSI (OE-VLSI) circuits and systems

David Plant, Andrew Kirk

Proceedings Volume 5730, (2005) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.593789

KEYWORDS: Vertical cavity surface emitting lasers, Receivers, Optical interconnects, Transmitters, Optoelectronic devices, Palladium, Semiconducting wafers, Optoelectronics, Transceivers, Clocks

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Proceedings Article | 28 January 2005 Paper

Nonlinear frequency conversion in waveguide directional couplers

Po Dong, Andrew Kirk

Proceedings Volume 5646, (2005) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.576911

KEYWORDS: Waveguides, Directional couplers, Second-harmonic generation, Phase shift keying, Wave propagation, Nonlinear optics, Modulation, Nonlinear frequency conversion, Frequency conversion, Phase matching

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Proceedings Article | 20 December 2004 Paper

Modeling techniques for anisotropic diffraction gratings

Eric Bisaillon, Andrew Kirk

Proceedings Volume 5577, (2004) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.567512

KEYWORDS: Diffraction gratings, Dielectric polarization, 3D modeling, Dielectrics, Diffraction, Polarization, Telecommunications, Optical design, Birefringence, Finite-difference time-domain method

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Proceedings Article | 20 December 2004 Paper

Lens design with planar 1D photonic crystal

Aref Bakhtazad, Andrew Kirk

Proceedings Volume 5577, (2004) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.567522

KEYWORDS: Photonic crystals, Waveguides, Lens design, Refractive index, Collimation, Wavefronts, Aspheric lenses, Light wave propagation, Phase velocity, Wave propagation

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Proceedings Article | 20 December 2004 Paper

Comparison of three finite element models for analysis of MEMS micromirrors

R. Jafari Shapoorabadi, Andrew Kirk

Proceedings Volume 5577, (2004) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.567568

KEYWORDS: Micromirrors, Microelectromechanical systems, Electrodes, Chemical elements, 3D modeling, Finite element methods, Transducers, Mirrors, Instrument modeling, Precision optics

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Proceedings Article | 20 December 2004 Paper

Second-order Bragg waveguide grating as a 1D photonic bandgap structure in SOI waveguide

Po Dong, Andrew Kirk

Proceedings Volume 5577, (2004) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.567374

KEYWORDS: Waveguides, Reflectivity, Silicon, Optical microcavities, Oxides, Photonic microstructures, Photonic crystals, Reflection, Teeth, Diffraction gratings

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Proceedings Article | 4 November 2004 Paper

Design and Development of High Speed Fiber-Optic Transmit and Receive Network for Commercial and Military Applications

Ashok Sood, Sriraj Bhadra, Paul Smith, Yash Puri, Mitchell Cross, Jason Ueda, Rakesh Patel, Jiang Liu, Wayne Chang, George Simonis, David Plant, Andrew Kirk, Joshua Schwartz

Proceedings Volume 5556, (2004) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.560671

KEYWORDS: Fiber optics, Network architectures, Connectors, Transmitters, Receivers, Vertical cavity surface emitting lasers, Channel projecting optics, Fiber optic networks, Switches, Defense technologies

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Proceedings Article | 8 September 2004 Paper

Integration strategies for micro-optical systems

Andrew Kirk, Michael Menard, Po Dong, Eric Bisaillon

Proceedings Volume 5453, (2004) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.554942

KEYWORDS: Waveguides, Optical alignment, Tolerancing, Lenses, Optical interconnects, Geometrical optics, Optical components, Integrated optics, Telecommunications, Free space optics

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Proceedings Article | 9 July 2004 Paper

Weighted index method for planar 1D photonic crystals

Aref Bakhtazad, Andrew Kirk

Proceedings Volume 5360, (2004) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.529375

KEYWORDS: Photonic crystals, Refractive index, Waveguides, Dispersion, Cladding, Dielectrics, Wave propagation, Scattering, Crystals, Light wave propagation

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Proceedings Article | 9 July 2004 Paper

Superprism effect with planar 1D photonic crystal

Aref Bakhtazad, Andrew Kirk

Proceedings Volume 5360, (2004) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.529362

KEYWORDS: Dispersion, Photonic crystals, Prisms, Refractive index, Waveguides, 3D modeling, Refraction, Waveguide modes, Polarization, Scattering

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Proceedings Article | 1 July 2004 Paper

Compact grating coupler between vertically stacked silicon-on-insulator waveguides

Po Dong, Andrew Kirk

Proceedings Volume 5357, (2004) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.527965

KEYWORDS: Waveguides, Silicon, Photonic integrated circuits, Oxides, Reflectivity, Integrated optics, Resonance enhancement, Refractive index, Finite-difference time-domain method, Fabry–Perot interferometers

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Proceedings Article | 6 October 2003 Open Access

A project-based graduate level course in optical engineering

Andrew Kirk

Proceedings Volume 9663, 96632S (2003) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2208444

KEYWORDS: Geometrical optics, Optical engineering, Optical design, Free space optics, Photonics, Optical design software, Computer engineering, Ray tracing, Electrical engineering, Scanners

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Proceedings Article | 15 April 2003 Paper

Optical design choices for VCSEL-based free-space optical interconnects

Andrew Kirk, Marc Chateauneuf

Proceedings Volume 4942, (2003) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.471908

KEYWORDS: Relays, Vertical cavity surface emitting lasers, Microlens, Lenses, Optical interconnects, Optical design, Tolerancing, Sensors, Free space optics, Channel projecting optics

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SPIE Journal Paper | 1 April 2002

Design and characterization of two-axis rotational micromirrors using multi-user MEMS processes

Julianna Lin, Vikas Sharma, Feras Michael, Andrew Kirk

JM3, Vol. 1, Issue 01, (April 2002) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.10.1117/1.1445799

KEYWORDS: Mirrors, Electrodes, Micromirrors, Microelectromechanical systems, Analog electronics, Motion models, Phase shifts, Instrument modeling, Control systems, Data modeling

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Proceedings Article | 13 December 2001 Paper

Recent developments in parallel optical interconnects

Andrew Kirk, David Plant

Proceedings Volume 4455, (2001) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.450428

KEYWORDS: Optical interconnects, Tolerancing, Relays, Clocks, Vertical cavity surface emitting lasers, Channel projecting optics, Free space optics, Optics manufacturing, Transistors, Optical design

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Proceedings Article | 25 September 2001 Paper

Recent developments in parallel optical interconnects

Andrew Kirk

Proceedings Volume 4417, (2001) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.441296

KEYWORDS: Optical interconnects, Free space optics, Tolerancing, Channel projecting optics, Receivers, Vertical cavity surface emitting lasers, Modulators, Relays, Telecommunications, Transmitters

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Proceedings Article | 30 April 2001 Paper

Investigation of improved designs for rotational micromirrors using multiuser MEMS processes

Julianna Lin, Feras Michael, Andrew Kirk

Proceedings Volume 4407, (2001) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.425303

KEYWORDS: Mirrors, Electrodes, Micromirrors, Microelectromechanical systems, Computer aided design, Phase shifts, Mirau interferometers, Prototyping, Analog electronics, Metals

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