Mr. Frederick S. Patt Profile

Frederick S. Patt

Program Manager at SAIC

SPIE Involvement:

Author

Publications (30)

Proceedings Article | 19 October 2023 Presentation + Paper

Presentation + Paper

Pulse response of the short-wave infrared detection system of the ocean color instrument for the NASA PACE Mission

U. Gliese, Z. Rhodes, K. Squire, K. Jepsen, B. Cairns, B. Clemons, J. Cook, R. Esplin, R. Estep, E. Gorman, E. Kan, W. Lu, G. Meister, D. Mott, F. Patt, J. Peterson, R. Schnurr

Proceedings Volume 12729, 127290O (2023) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2684367

KEYWORDS: Indium gallium arsenide, Design and modelling, Mercury cadmium telluride, Linear filtering, Imaging systems, Diffusion, Pulse signals, Short wave infrared radiation, PIN photodiodes, Remote sensing radiometers

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Proceedings Article | 9 September 2019 Presentation + Paper

Presentation + Paper

The NASA OBPG 2020 on-orbit calibration of SNPP VIIRS for ocean color applications

Robert Eplee, Gerhard Meister, Frederick Patt, Kevin Turpie, Sean Bailey, Bryan Franz

Proceedings Volume 11127, 111271A (2019) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2528769

KEYWORDS: Calibration, Diffusers, Bidirectional reflectance transmission function, Modulation, Sun, Mirrors, Reflectivity, Sensors, Short wave infrared radiation, Remote sensing

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SPIE Journal Paper | 4 February 2019

Estimating residual uncertainties for lunar irradiance measurements due to imaging acquisition parameters

Shihyan Lee, Gerhard Meister, Frederick Patt, Robert Eplee

JARS, Vol. 13, Issue 01, 014508, (February 2019) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.10.1117/1.JRS.13.014508

KEYWORDS: Sensors, Point spread functions, Satellites, Calibration, Error analysis, Earth observing sensors, Image acquisition, Environmental sensing, Climatology, MODIS

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Proceedings Article | 18 September 2018 Presentation + Paper

Presentation + Paper

Hawkeye ocean color instrument: performance summary

Alan Holmes, John Morrison, Gene Feldman, Fred Patt, Shihyan Lee

Proceedings Volume 10769, 107690C (2018) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2320654

KEYWORDS: Charge-coupled devices, Optical filters, Polarization, Clouds, Stray light, Signal to noise ratio, Sensors, Space operations, Calibration, Image filtering

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Proceedings Article | 7 September 2018 Presentation + Paper

Presentation + Paper

Hawkeye radiometric calibration methodology

Shihyan Lee, Alan Holmes, Gerhard Meister, Frederick Patt, Gene Feldman

Proceedings Volume 10764, 107640C (2018) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2325143

KEYWORDS: Polarization, Calibration, Sensors, Charge-coupled devices

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Proceedings Article | 5 September 2017 Presentation + Paper

Presentation + Paper

Advances in the on-orbit calibration of SNPP VIIRS for ocean color applications

Robert Eplee, Kevin Turpie, Gerhard Meister, Frederick Patt, Bryan Franz

Proceedings Volume 10402, 1040220 (2017) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2273958

KEYWORDS: Calibration, Reflectivity, Satellites, Remote sensing

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Proceedings Article | 19 October 2016 Presentation + Paper

Presentation + Paper

SeaHawk: an advanced CubeSat mission for sustained ocean colour monitoring

John Morrison, Hazel Jeffrey, Hessel Gorter, Pamela Anderson, Craig Clark, Alan Holmes, Gene Feldman, Frederick Patt

Proceedings Volume 10000, 100001C (2016) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2241058

KEYWORDS: Sensors, Aerospace engineering, Charge-coupled devices, Space operations, Ocean optics, Signal to noise ratio, Spatial resolution, Camera shutters, Remote sensing, Climate change

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Proceedings Article | 8 September 2015 Paper

Paper

Updates to the on-orbit calibration of SNPP VIIRS for ocean color applications

Robert Eplee, Kevin Turpie, Gerhard Meister, Frederick Patt, Bryan Franz

Proceedings Volume 9607, 96071P (2015) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2185940

KEYWORDS: Calibration, Diffusers, Short wave infrared radiation, Bidirectional reflectance transmission function, Reflectivity, Sun, Near infrared, Space operations, Instrument modeling, Atmospheric corrections

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Proceedings Article | 8 September 2015 Paper

Paper

Geometric effects in SeaWiFS lunar observations

Robert Eplee, Frederick Patt, Gerhard Meister

Proceedings Volume 9607, 960704 (2015) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2185939

KEYWORDS: Calibration, Data modeling, MODIS, Instrument modeling, Radiometric corrections, Environmental sensing, Climatology, Phase measurement, Climate change, Performance modeling

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Proceedings Article | 23 September 2013 Paper

Paper

A synthesis of VIIRS solar and lunar calibrations

Robert Eplee, Kevin Turpie, Gerhard Meister, Frederick Patt, Gwyn Fireman, Bryan Franz, Charles McClain

Proceedings Volume 8866, 88661L (2013) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2024069

KEYWORDS: Calibration, Diffusers, MODIS, Bidirectional reflectance transmission function, Reflectivity, Instrument modeling, Space operations, Data modeling, Short wave infrared radiation, Seaborgium

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Proceedings Article | 15 October 2012 Paper

Paper

Suomi NPP VIIRS ocean color data product early mission assessment

Kevin Turpie, Wayne Robinson, Bryan Franz, Robert Eplee, Gerhard Meister, Gwyn Fireman, Frederick Patt, Robert Barnes, Charles McClain

Proceedings Volume 8510, 85101H (2012) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.931113

KEYWORDS: Calibration, MODIS, Sensors, Composites, Climatology, Algorithm development, Magnesium, Atmospheric corrections, Radiometry, Near infrared

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Proceedings Article | 15 October 2012 Paper

Paper

An overview of Suomi NPP VIIRS calibration maneuvers

James Butler, Xiaoxiong Xiong, Robert Barnes, Frederick Patt, Junqiang Sun, Kwofu Chiang

Proceedings Volume 8510, 85101J (2012) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.930993

KEYWORDS: Space operations, Calibration, Diffusers, MODIS, Infrared radiation, Visible radiation, Sensors, Mirrors, Infrared imaging, Reflectivity

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The first Visible Infrared Imager Radiometer Suite (VIIRS) instrument was successfully launched on-board the Suomi National Polar-orbiting Partnership (SNPP) spacecraft on October 28, 2011. Suomi NPP VIIRS observations are made in 22 spectral bands, from the visible (VIS) to the long-wave infrared (LWIR), and are used to produce 22 Environmental Data Records (EDRs) with a broad range of scientific applications. The quality of these VIIRS EDRs strongly depends on the quality of its calibrated and geo-located Sensor Date Records (SDRs). Built with a strong heritage to the NASA’s EOS MODerate resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) instrument, the VIIRS is calibrated on-orbit using a similar set of on-board calibrators (OBC), including a solar diffuser (SD) and solar diffuser stability monitor (SDSM) system for the reflective solar bands (RSB) and a blackbody (BB) for the thermal emissive bands (TEB). Onorbit maneuvers of the SNPP spacecraft provide additional calibration and characterization data from the VIIRS instrument which cannot be obtained pre-launch and are required to produce the highest quality SDRs. These include multiorbit yaw maneuvers for the characterization of SD and SDSM screen transmission, quasi-monthly roll maneuvers to acquire lunar observations to track sensor degradation in the visible through shortwave infrared, and a driven pitch-over maneuver to acquire multiple scans of deep space to determine TEB response versus scan angle (RVS). This paper provides an overview of these three SNPP calibration maneuvers. Discussions are focused on their potential calibration and science benefits, pre-launch planning activities, and on-orbit scheduling and implementation strategies. Results from calibration maneuvers performed during the Intensive Calibration and Validation (ICV) period for the VIIRS sensor are illustrated. Also presented in this paper are lessons learned regarding the implementation of calibration spacecraft maneuvers on follow-on missions.

Proceedings Article | 15 October 2012 Paper

Paper

VIIRS on-orbit calibration for ocean color data processing

Robert Eplee, Kevn Turpie, Gwyn Fireman, Gerhard Meister, Thomas Stone, Frederick Patt, Bryan Franz, Sean Bailey, Wayne Robinson, Charles McClain

Proceedings Volume 8510, 85101G (2012) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.930483

KEYWORDS: Calibration, Diffusers, Bidirectional reflectance transmission function, Sensors, Mirrors, Reflectivity, Space operations, MODIS, Short wave infrared radiation, Atmospheric corrections

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Proceedings Article | 14 September 2011 Paper

Paper

Assessment of NPP VIIRS ocean color data products: hope and risk

Kevin Turpie, Gerhard Meister, Gene Eplee, Robert Barnes, Bryan Franz, Frederick Patt, Wayne Robinson, Charles McClain

Proceedings Volume 8153, 81530M (2011) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.893945

KEYWORDS: Calibration, MODIS, Signal to noise ratio, Climatology, Algorithm development, Data acquisition, Satellites, Reflectivity, Diffusers, Sensors

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Proceedings Article | 14 September 2011 Paper

Paper

Uncertainty assessment of the SeaWiFS on-orbit calibration

Robert Eplee, Gerhard Meister, Frederick Patt, Bryan Franz, Charles McClain

Proceedings Volume 8153, 81530B (2011) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.892340

KEYWORDS: Calibration, Signal to noise ratio, Atmospheric corrections, Radiometric corrections, Diffusers, Atmospheric propagation, Ocean optics, Climatology, Scatter measurement, Sensor calibration

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Proceedings Article | 14 September 2011 Paper

Paper

The VIIRS ocean data simulator enhancements and results

Wayne Robinson, Frederick Patt, Bryan Franz, Kevin Turpie, Charles McClain

Proceedings Volume 8153, 81531P (2011) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.892936

KEYWORDS: Sensors, Device simulation, Reflectivity, Ocean optics, Calibration, Computer simulations, Atmospheric modeling, Signal detection, Stray light, Aerosols

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Proceedings Article | 21 August 2009 Paper

Paper

Characterization of MODIS and SeaWiFS solar diffuser on-orbit degradation

X. Xiong, R. Eplee, J. Sun, F. Patt, A. Angal, C. McClain

Proceedings Volume 7452, 74520Y (2009) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.824797

KEYWORDS: Diffusers, MODIS, Calibration, Sensors, Reflectivity, Sun, Sensor calibration, Space operations, Bidirectional reflectance transmission function, Near infrared

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Proceedings Article | 21 August 2009 Paper

Paper

A VIIRS ocean data simulator

Wayne Robinson, Frederick Patt, Bryan Franz, Kevin Turpie, Charles McClain

Proceedings Volume 7452, 74520A (2009) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.827058

KEYWORDS: Sensors, Computer simulations, Device simulation, Clouds, Aerosols, MODIS, Satellites, Atmospheric particles, Calibration, Data processing

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Proceedings Article | 20 August 2008 Paper

Paper

Sun beta angle residuals in solar diffuser measurements of the MODIS ocean bands

Gerhard Meister, Junqiang Sun, Robert Eplee, Frederick Patt, Xiaoxiong Xiong, Charles McClain

Proceedings Volume 7081, 70810D (2008) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.796291

KEYWORDS: Sensors, MODIS, Calibration, Diffusers, Sun, Reflectivity, Data modeling, Mirrors, Imaging systems, Data centers

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Proceedings Article | 20 August 2008 Paper

Paper

The on-orbit calibration of SeaWiFS: functional fits to the lunar time series

Robert Eplee, Gerhard Meister, Frederick Patt, Charles McClain

Proceedings Volume 7081, 708112 (2008) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.795132

KEYWORDS: Calibration, Sensors, Radiometric corrections, Environmental sensing, Temperature metrology, Space operations, Biology, Detector development, Instrument modeling, Satellites

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The NASA Ocean Biology Processing Group's Calibration and Validation Team uses SeaWiFS on-orbit lunar calibrations to monitor the radiometric response of the instrument over time. With almost eleven years of lunar measurements (more than 124 monthly observations) available for this analysis, the Cal/Val Team has undertaken an investigation of the optimum function to use in fitting the time series and the fidelity of resulting radiometric corrections that are applied to the ocean data. Two aspects of the on-orbit behavior of SeaWiFS show changes over time: the long-term radiometric response for each band and the dependence of the individual detector response in each band on the varying focal plane temperatures. Since band 8 (865 nm) shows the greatest changes in response over time, the analysis has concentrated on that band. The initial goal of the SeaWiFS on-orbit calibration effort has been to use a single function to fit the mission-long lunar time series. To date, that goal has been met by using a pair of simultaneous decaying exponential functions with short-period and long-period time constants. As late mission observations were added to the time series (beyond seven years into the mission), the long-term radiometric trend has been approaching a linear function of time. Consequently, the long-term trend is starting to bias the fit for the first three years of the mission. The Cal/Val team has addressed this issue by introducing a radiometric epoch into the time series fitting functions, where the best fit for the early mission is provided by exponential functions with periods of 200 and 2500 day and the best fit for the late mission is provided by an exponential with a 400-day time constant and a linear function (or an exponential with a 40,000-day time constant). A complication in optimizing these fits is that the dependence of the detector response on varying focal plane temperatures began changing approximately seven years into the mission. Analyses of periodic residuals in the lunar calibration time series in the latter part of the mission show that either the temperature-dependence of the detector response or the overall thermal environment of the instrument is changing over time. The Cal/Val Team has used correlations between these residuals and the focal plane temperatures to evaluate revisions to the temperature corrections for the detector response. Complications in computing these revised temperature corrections are that the behavior of the temperature corrections is not readily described by an analytical function and that the long-term radiometric fits compensate, to an extent, for changes in the temperature corrections. In order to develop an improved calibration model for SeaWiFS, the Cal/Val Team has developed a methodology for simultaneously fitting the long-term radiometric trend of each band and the change in the temperature-dependence of the individual detector responses. This work shows the increased fidelity of the calibration derived simultaneously for the long-term radiometric trend and the focal plane temperature response compared to the sequential derivations of these corrections.

Proceedings Article | 12 October 2007 Paper

Paper

Correction of subframe striping in high-resolution MODIS ocean color products

Gerhard Meister, Chunhui Pan, Frederick Patt, Bryan Franz, Jack Xiong, Charles McClain

Proceedings Volume 6677, 66770P (2007) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.732191

KEYWORDS: MODIS, Sensors, Calibration, Spatial resolution, Diffusers, Solids, Biology, Diamond, Image resolution, Scanners

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Proceedings Article | 26 September 2007 Paper

Paper

On-orbit calibration of SeaWiFS: revised temperature and gain corrections

Robert Eplee, Frederick Patt, Gerhard Meister, Bryan Franz, Sean Bailey, Charles McClain

Proceedings Volume 6677, 66770E (2007) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.734046

KEYWORDS: Calibration, Near infrared, Sensors, Atmospheric corrections, Aerosols, Data corrections, Satellites, Climatology, Atmospheric propagation, Sensor calibration

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The NASA Ocean Biology Processing Group's Calibration and Validation (Cal/Val) Team has used SeaWiFS onorbit lunar and gain calibration data, in conjunction with mission-long trends of global ocean color data products, to diagnose and correct recently emergent residual drifts in the radiometric response of the instrument. An anomaly analysis of the time series of global mean normalized water-leaving radiances, the atmospheric correction parameter ∈, and chlorophyll show significant departures from the mission-long trends beginning in January 2006. The lunar time series trends for the near infrared (NIR) bands (765 nm and 865 nm) show significant periodic departures from mission-long trends beginning at the same time. ∈ is dependent on the ratio of these two bands; trends in this parameter would propagate through the atmospheric correction algorithm to the retrieved water-leaving radiances. An analysis of fit residuals from the lunar time series shows that the focal plane temperature dependencies of the radiometric response of the detectors for these two bands have changed over the 9+ year mission. The Cal/Val Team has used these residuals to compute a revised set of temperature corrections for data collected starting 1 January 2006. The lunar calibration data and a mission-long ocean color test data set have been reprocessed with the revised temperature corrections. The reprocessed data show that the trends in the NIR bands have been minimized and that the departures of the water-leaving radiances, ∈, and chlorophyll from the mission-long trends have been greatly reduced. The anomaly analysis of the water-leaving radiances in the 510 nm band still shows a residual drift of -2.9% over the mission. The anomaly analysis of the ∈ time series shows a residual drift of +2.8% over the mission. A corresponding drift is not observed in the lunar calibration time series for the NIR bands. The lunar calibration data are obtained at a different set of instrument gains than are the ocean data. An analysis of the mission-long time series of on-orbit gain calibration data shows that the gain ratios for the NIR bands change -0.76% (765 nm) and +0.56% (865 nm) over the mission, corresponding to a -1.3% drift in the band ratio. The lunar calibration time series for the NIR bands have been corrected for this gain drift, and the change in radiometric response over time has been recomputed for each band. The mission-long ocean color test data set has been reprocessed with these revised corrections for the NIR bands. The anomaly analysis of the reprocessed water-leaving radiances at 510 nm shows the drift to have been essentially eliminated, while the anomaly analysis of epsilon shows a reduced drift of +2.0%. These analyses show the sensitivity of ocean color data to small drifts in instrument calibration and demonstrate the use of time series of global mean geophysical parameters to monitor the long-term stability of the instrument calibration on orbit. The two updates to SeaWiFS radiometric calibration have been incorporated into the recent reprocessing of the SeaWiFS mission-long ocean data set.

Proceedings Article | 7 September 2006 Paper

Paper

SeaWiFS long-term solar diffuser reflectance trend analysis

Robert Eplee, Frederick Patt, Robert Barnes, Charles McClain

Proceedings Volume 6296, 62960Q (2006) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.679170

KEYWORDS: Diffusers, Signal to noise ratio, Reflectivity, Calibration, Bidirectional reflectance transmission function, Satellites, MODIS, Aluminum, Radio optics, Space operations

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The NASA Ocean Biology Processing Group's Calibration and Validation (Cal/Val) Team implemented daily solar calibrations of SeaWiFS to look for step-function changes in the instrument response and has used these calibrations to supplement the monthly lunar calibrations in monitoring the radiometric stability of SeaWiFS during its first year of on-orbit operations. The Team has undertaken an analysis of the mission-long solar calibration time series, with the lunar-derived radiometric corrections over time applied, to assess the long-term degradation of the solar diffuser reflectance over nine years on orbit. The SeaWiFS diffuser is an aluminum plate coated with YB71 paint. The bidirectional reflectance distribution function of the diffuser was not fully characterized before launch, so the Cal/Val Team has implemented a regression of the solar incidence angles and the drift in the node of the satellite's orbit against the diffuser time series to correct for solar incidence angle effects. An exponential function with a time constant of 200 days yields the best fit to the diffuser time series. The decrease in diffuser reflectance over the mission is wavelength-dependent, ranging from 9% in the blue (412 nm) to 5% in the red and near infrared (670-865 nm). The degradation of diffuser reflctance is similar to that observed for SeaWiFS radiometric response itself from lunar calibration time series for bands 1-5 (412-555 nm), though the magnitude of the change is four times larger for the diffuser. Evidently, the same optical degradation process has affected both the telescope optics and the solar diffuser in the blue and green. The Cal/Val Team has developed a methodology for computing the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) for SeaWiFS on orbit from the diffuser time series. The on-orbit change in the SNR for each band over the nine-year mission is less than 7%. The on-orbit performance of the SeaWiFS solar diffuser should offer insight into the long-term on-orbit performance of solar diffusers on other instruments, such as MODIS, VIIRS, and ABI.

Proceedings Article | 22 August 2005 Paper

Paper

Use of the moon as a calibration reference for NPP VIIRS

Frederick Patt, Robert Eplee, Robert Barnes, Gerhard Meister, James Butler

Proceedings Volume 5882, 588215 (2005) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.618370

KEYWORDS: MODIS, Alternate lighting of surfaces, Instrument modeling, Space operations, Calibration, Diffusers, Reflectivity, Satellites, Sensors, Reverse modeling

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Proceedings Article | 22 August 2005 Paper

Paper

Residual correlations in the solar diffuser measurements of the MODIS Aqua ocean color bands to the sun yaw angle

Gerhard Meister, Frederick Patt, Xiaoxiong Xiong, Junqiang Sun, Xiaobo Xie, Charles McClain

Proceedings Volume 5882, 58820V (2005) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.620094

KEYWORDS: Sensors, Calibration, MODIS, Diffusers, Sun, Solids, Biology, Imaging systems, Space operations, Reflectivity

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Proceedings Article | 22 August 2005 Paper

Paper

The continuity of ocean color measurements from SeaWiFS to MODIS

Bryan Franz, P. Werdell, Gerhard Meister, Sean Bailey, Robert Eplee, Gene Feldman, Ewa Kwiatkowska, Charles McClain, Frederick Patt, Donna Thomas

Proceedings Volume 5882, 58820W (2005) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.620069

KEYWORDS: MODIS, Calibration, Sensors, Polarization, Atmospheric modeling, Atmospheric corrections, Algorithm development, Stray light, Contamination, Error analysis

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Proceedings Article | 4 November 2004 Paper

Paper

Use of the Moon as a reference for satellite-based climate change measurements

James Butler, Gerhard Meister, Frederick Patt, Robert Barnes

Proceedings Volume 5570, (2004) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.565058

KEYWORDS: Space operations, Instrument modeling, Data modeling, Satellites, Reverse modeling, Reflectivity, Climate change, Phase measurement, MODIS, Calibration

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Proceedings Article | 26 October 2004 Paper

Paper

SeaWiFS lunar calibration methodology after six years on orbit

Robert Eplee, Robert Barnes, Frederick Patt, Gerhard Meister, Charles McClain

Proceedings Volume 5542, (2004) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.556408

KEYWORDS: Calibration, Sun, Space operations, Denoising, Control systems, Data modeling, Data processing, Chlorine, Radiometric corrections, Astronomy

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Proceedings Article | 15 November 2000 Paper

Paper

Calibration of SeaWiFS on orbit

Robert Barnes, Robert Eplee, Wayne Robinson, G. Schmidt, Frederick Patt, Sean Bailey, Menghua Wang, Charles McClain

Proceedings Volume 4135, (2000) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.494258

KEYWORDS: Calibration, Aerosols, Ocean optics, Atmospheric particles, Atmospheric corrections, Sun, Near infrared, Clouds, Atmospheric modeling, Scattering

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Proceedings Article | 21 December 1998 Paper

Paper

SeaWiFS measurements of the moon

Robert Barnes, Robert Eplee, Frederick Patt

Proceedings Volume 3498, (1998) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.333645

KEYWORDS: Reflectivity, Space operations, Calibration, Sun, S band, Diffusers, Sensors, Data processing, Time metrology, Solids

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Showing 5 of 30 publications

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