Future space-based coronagraphs will rely critically on focal-plane wavefront sensing and control with deformable mirrors (DMs) to reach deep contrast by mitigating optical aberrations in the primary beam path. Until now, most focal-plane wavefront control algorithms have been formulated in terms of Jacobian matrices, which encode the predicted effect of each DM actuator on the focal-plane electric field. A disadvantage of these methods is that Jacobian matrices can be cumbersome to compute and manipulate, particularly when the number of DM actuators is large. Recently, we proposed a new class of focal-plane wavefront control algorithms that utilize gradient-based optimization with algorithmic differentiation to compute wavefront control solutions while avoiding the explicit computation and manipulation of Jacobian matrices entirely. In simulations using a coronagraph design for the proposed Large UV/Optical/Infrared Surveyor, we showed that our approach reduces overall CPU time and memory consumption compared to a Jacobian-based algorithm. Here, we expand on these results by implementing the proposed algorithm on the High-contrast Imager for Complex Aperture Telescopes tested at the Space Telescope Science Institute and present initial experimental results, demonstrating contrast suppression capabilities equivalent to Jacobian-based methods.
We report on experimental stabilization of low-order aberrations on a high-contrast testbed for exoplanet imaging, in up to 10% broadband light under natural and artificial drifts. The measurements are performed with a Zernike wavefront sensor using the light rejected by the focal plane mask of an apodized Lyot coronagraph. We conduct the experiments on the High-contrast imager for Complex Aperture Telescopes testbed, with a segmented aperture and two continuous deformable mirrors. We study several use cases, from the stabilization of a pre-established dark hole to the concurrent combination with focal-plane wavefront sensing in the form of sequential pairwise sensing over several wavelengths.
NASA is about to embark on an ambitious program to develop a Habitable Worlds Observatory (HWO) flagship mission to directly image approximately 25 potentially Earth-like planets and spectroscopically characterize them for signs of life, as recommended by the Astro2020 decadal survey. In addition, Astro2020 recommended a new approach for flagship formulation, which involves increasing the scope and depth of early, pre-phase A trades and technology maturation, as part of the new Great Observatories Maturation Program (GOMAP). The critical capability of the HWO mission is starlight suppression. To inform future architecture trades, it is necessary to survey a wide range of technologies, from the relatively mature ones such as the ones described in the LUVOIR and HabEx reports, to the relatively new and emerging ones, which may lead to breakthrough performance. In this paper, we present an interim update on a new effort, initiated by NASA’s Exoplanet Exploration Program (ExEP), to survey coronagraph design options for HWO. We present a preliminary summary of the survey, including: (1) a current list of coronagraph design options; (2) proposed evaluation criteria, such as expected mission yields and feasibility of maturing to TRL5 by 2029; and (3) tools and methods which we are using to quantify evaluations of different designs. While not charged to down-select or prioritize the different coronagraph designs, this survey is expected to be valuable in informing future mission teams of coronagraph design options. All interested coronagraph researchers are welcome to participate in this survey by contacting the first two authors of this paper.
Due to the limited number of photons, directly imaging planets requires long integration times with a coronagraphic instrument. The wavefront must be stable on the same time scale, which is often difficult in space due to time-varying wavefront errors from thermal gradients and other mechanical instabilities. We discuss a laboratory demonstration of a photon-efficient dark zone maintenance (DZM) algorithm in the presence of representative wavefront error drifts. The DZM algorithm allows for simultaneous estimation and control while obtaining science images and removes the necessity of slewing to a reference star to regenerate the dark zone mid-observation of a target. The experiments are performed on the high-contrast imager for complex aperture telescopes at the Space Telescope Science Institute. The testbed contains an IrisAO segmented primary surrogate, a pair of continuous Boston Micromachine (BMC) kilo deformable mirrors (DMs), and a Lyot coronagraph. Both types of DMs are used to inject synthetic high-order wavefront aberration drifts into the system, possibly similar to those that would occur on telescope optics in a space observatory, which are then corrected by the BMC DMs via the DZM algorithm. In the presence of BMC, IrisAO, and all DM wavefront error drift, we demonstrate maintenance of the dark zone contrast (5.8−9.8 λ/Dlyot) at monochromatic levels of 8.5×10−8, 2.5×10−8, and 5.9×10−8, respectively. In addition, we show multiwavelength maintenance at a contrast of 7.0×10−7 over a 3% band centered at 650 nm (BMC drift). We demonstrate the potential of adaptive wavefront maintenance methods for future exoplanet imaging missions, and our demonstration significantly advances their readiness.
KEYWORDS: Signal to noise ratio, Photons, Coronagraphy, Exoplanets, Electron multiplying charge coupled devices, Wavefronts, Space telescopes, Space operations
Directly imaging exoplanets requires long integration times when using a space-based coronagraphic instrument due to the small number of photons. Wavefront stability on the same timescale is of the utmost importance; a difficult feat in the presence of thermal and mechanical instabilities. In this paper, we demonstrate that dark zone maintenance (DZM) functions in the low signal-to-noise (SNR) regime similar to that expected for the Roman Space Telescope (RST) and the “large (∼6 m aperture) infrared/optical/ultraviolet (IR/O/UV) space telescope” recommended by the 2021 decadal survey. We develop low-photon experiments with tunable noise properties to provide a representative extrapolation. The experiments are performed on the High-contrast Imager for Complex Aperture Telescopes (HiCAT) at the Space Telescope Science Institute (STScI). High-order wavefront error drifts are injected using a pair of kilo-deformable mirrors (DMs). The drifts are corrected using the DMs via the DZM algorithm; note that the current limiting factor for the DZM results is the air environment. We show that DZM can maintain a contrast of 5.3 × 10−8 in the presence of DM random walk drift with a low SNR.
We present recent laboratory results demonstrating high-contrast coronagraphy for the future space-based large IR/Optical/Ultraviolet telescope recommended by the Decadal Survey. The High-contrast Imager for Complex Aperture Telescopes (HiCAT) testbed aims to implement a system-level hardware demonstration for segmented aperture coronagraphs with wavefront control. The telescope hardware simulator employs a segmented deformable mirror with 37 hexagonal segments that can be controlled in piston, tip, and tilt. In addition, two continuous deformable mirrors are used for high-order wavefront sensing and control. The low-order sensing subsystem includes a dedicated tip-tilt stage, a coronagraphic target acquisition camera, and a Zernike wavefront sensor that is used to measure and correct low-order aberration drifts. We explore the performance of a segmented aperture coronagraph both in “static” operations (limited by natural drifts and instabilities) and in “dynamic” operations (in the presence of artificial wavefront drifts added to the deformable mirrors), and discuss the estimation and control strategies used to reach and maintain the dark-zone contrast using our low-order wavefront sensing and control. We summarize experimental results that quantify the performance of the testbed in terms of contrast, inner/outer working angle and bandpass, and analyze limiting factors.
Future space-based coronagraphs will rely critically on focal-plane wavefront sensing and control with deformable mirrors to reach deep contrast by mitigating optical aberrations in the primary beam path. Until now, most focal-plane wavefront control algorithms have been formulated in terms of Jacobian matrices, which encode the predicted effect of each deformable mirror actuator on the focal-plane electric field. A disadvantage of these methods is that Jacobian matrices can be cumbersome to compute and manipulate, particularly when the number of deformable mirror actuators is large. Recently, we proposed a new class of focal-plane wavefront control algorithms that utilize gradient-based optimization with algorithmic differentiation to compute wavefront control solutions while avoiding the explicit computation and manipulation of Jacobian matrices entirely. In simulations using a coronagraph design for the proposed Large UV/Optical/Infrared Surveyor (LUVOIR), we showed that our approach reduces overall CPU time and memory consumption compared to a Jacobian-based algorithm. Here, we expand on these results by implementing the proposed algorithm on the High Contrast Imager for Complex Aperture Telescopes (HiCAT) testbed at the Space Telescope Science Institute (STScI) and present initial experimental and numerical results.
Due to the limited number of photons, directly imaging planets requires long integration times with a coronagraphic instrument. The wavefront must be stable on the same time scale, which is often difficult in space due to thermal variations and other mechanical instabilities. In this paper, we discuss the implications on future space mission observing conditions of our recent laboratory demonstration of a dark hole maintenance (DHM) algorithm. The experiments are performed on the High-contrast imager for Complex Aperture Telescopes (HiCAT) at the Space Telescope Science Institute (STScI). The testbed contains a segmented aperture, a pair of deformable mirrors (DMs), and a lyot coronagraph. The segmented aperture injects high order zernike wavefront aberration drifts into the system which are then corrected by the DMs downstream via the DHM algorithm. We investigate various drift modes including segmented aperture drift, all DMs drift, and drift correction at multiple wavelengths.
The characterization of exoplanets’ atmospheres using direct imaging spectroscopy requires high-contrast over a wide wavelength range. We study a recently proposed focal plane wavefront estimation algorithm that exclusively uses broadband images to estimate the electric field. This approach therefore reduces the complexity and observational overheads compared to traditional single wavelength approaches. The electric field is estimated as an incoherent sum of monochromatic intensities with the pair-wise probing technique. This paper covers the detailed implementation of the algorithm and an application to the High-contrast Imager for Complex Aperture Telescopes (HiCAT) testbed with the goal to compare the performance between the broadband and traditional narrowband filter approaches.
We present recent laboratory results demonstrating high-contrast coronagraphy for future space-based large segmented telescopes such as the Large UV, Optical, IR telescope (LUVOIR) mission concept studied by NASA. The High-contrast Imager for Complex Aperture Telescopes (HiCAT) testbed aims to implement a system-level hardware demonstration for segmented aperture coronagraphs with wavefront control. The telescope hardware simulator employs a segmented deformable mirror with 36 hexagonal segments that can be controlled in piston, tip, and tilt. In addition, two continuous deformable mirrors are used for high-order wavefront sensing and control. The low-order sensing subsystem includes a dedicated tip-tilt stage, a coronagraphic target acquisition camera, and a Zernike wavefront sensor that is used to measure low-order aberration drifts. We explore the performance of a segmented aperture coronagraph both in “static” operations (limited by natural drifts and instabilities) and in “dynamic” operations (in the presence of artificial wavefront drifts added to the deformable mirrors), and discuss the estimation and control strategies used to reach and maintain the dark zone contrast. We summarize experimental results that quantify the performance of the testbed in terms of contrast, inner/outer working angle and bandpass, and analyze limiting factors by comparing against our end-to-end models.
Due to the limited number of photons, directly imaging planets requires long integration times. The wavefront must be stable on the same time scale which is often difficult in space due to thermal variations and vibrations. In this paper, we discuss the results of implementing a dark hole maintenance (DHM) algorithm (Pogorelyuk et. al. 2019)1 on the High-contrast imager for Complex Aperture Telescopes (HiCAT) at the Space Telescope Science Institute (STScI). The testbed contains a pair of deformable mirrors (DMs) and a lyot coronagraph. The algorithm uses an Extended Kalman Filter (EKF) and DM dithering to predict the drifting electric field in the dark hole along with Electric Field Conjugation to cancel out the drift. The DM dither introduces phase diversity which ensures the EKF converges to the correct value. The DHM algorithm maintains an initial contrast of 8.5 x 10-8 for 6 hrs in the presence of the DM actuator random walk drift with a standard deviation of 1:7 x 10-3 nm/s..
In this work we describe upgrades to the Spider balloon-borne telescope in preparation for its second flight, currently planned for December 2021. The Spider instrument is optimized to search for a primordial B-mode polarization signature in the cosmic microwave background at degree angular scales. During its first flight in 2015, Spider mapped ~10% of the sky at 95 and 150 GHz. The payload for the second Antarctic flight will incorporate three new 280 GHz receivers alongside three refurbished 95- and 150 GHz receivers from Spider's first flight. In this work we discuss the design and characterization of these new receivers, which employ over 1500 feedhorn-coupled transition-edge sensors. We describe pre-flight laboratory measurements of detector properties, and the optical performance of completed receivers. These receivers will map a wide area of the sky at 280 GHz, providing new information on polarized Galactic dust emission that will help to separate it from the cosmological signal.
Balloon-borne astronomy is a unique tool that allows for a level of image stability and significantly reduced atmospheric interference without the often prohibitive cost and long development time-scale that are characteristic of space-borne facility-class instruments. The Super-pressure Balloon-borne Imaging Telescope (SuperBIT) is a wide-field imager designed to provide 0.02" image stability over a 0.5 degree field-of-view for deep exposures within the visible-to-near-UV (300-900 um). As such, SuperBIT is a suitable platform for a wide range of balloon-borne observations, including solar and extrasolar planetary spectroscopy as well as resolved stellar populations and distant galaxies. We report on the overall payload design and instrumentation methodologies for SuperBIT as well as telescope and image stability results from two test flights. Prospects for the SuperBIT project are outlined with an emphasis on the development of a fully operational, three-month science flight from New Zealand in 2020.
Balloon-borne experiments present unique thermal design challenges, which are a combination of those present for both space and ground experiments. Radiation and conduction are the predominant heat transfer mechanisms with convection effects being minimal and difficult to characterize at 35-40 km. This greatly constrains the thermal design options and makes predicting flight thermal behaviour very difficult. Due to the limited power available on long duration balloon flights, efficient heater control is an important factor in minimizing power consumption. SuperBIT, or the Super-Pressure Balloon-borne Imaging Telescope, aims to study weak gravitational lensing using a 0.5m modified Dall-Kirkham telescope capable of achieving 0.02" stability1 and capturing deep exposures from visible to near UV wavelengths. To achieve the theoretical stratospheric diffraction-limited resolution of 0.25",2 mirror deformation gradients must be kept to within 20 nm. The thermal environment must be stable on time scales of an hour and the thermal gradients on the telescope must be minimized. During its 2018 test-flight, SuperBIT will implement two types of thermal parameter solvers: one for post-flight characterization and one for in-flight control. The payload has 85 thermistors as well as pyranometers and far-infrared sensors which will be used post-flight to further understand heat transfer in the stratosphere. This document describes the in-flight thermal control method, which predicts the thermal circuit of components and then auto-tunes the heater PID gains. Preliminary ground testing shows the ability to control the components to within 0.01 K.
Access to the requested content is limited to institutions that have purchased or subscribe to SPIE eBooks.
You are receiving this notice because your organization may not have SPIE eBooks access.*
*Shibboleth/Open Athens users─please
sign in
to access your institution's subscriptions.
To obtain this item, you may purchase the complete book in print or electronic format on
SPIE.org.
INSTITUTIONAL Select your institution to access the SPIE Digital Library.
PERSONAL Sign in with your SPIE account to access your personal subscriptions or to use specific features such as save to my library, sign up for alerts, save searches, etc.