Structure and morphology of porphyrin aggregates and influence of temperature, microwave and ultraviolet radiation, and acoustic cavitation on aggregation process were investigated using absorption spectroscopy and atomic force microscopy. In ambient conditions TPPS4 forms stick-like J-aggregates with length of 0.05-3 μm, width 22-50 nm and height 4-5 nm. Increased temperature or MW and UV radiation does not influence the aggregates. Acoustic cavitation leads to destruction of stick-shaped aggregates and activates the formation of larger molecular complexes.
Porous GaAs layers obtained by electrochemical etching were investigated using SEM, AFM and optical methods. It was established that increasing etching duration and current density change the porosity of bulk GaAs and at the same time, both gallium and arsenic oxides are formed on the sample surface. Photoluminescence spectra of investigated porous layers consist of 'infrared' and 'green' spectral structures. The 'infrared' structure exhibits a red-shift of its peak energies, and intensity of 'green' structure is highly dependent on etching conditions. Possible reasons of origin and of changes in those spectra are discussed.
A new technique has been developed to probe the surface microtopography an the viscoelastic properties with the nanometric resolution using the vibrating modes of Scanning Probe Microscopy. Weak cantilevers, although having good force sensitivity, have found limited use for investigating of material's nanomechanical properties by conventional force modulation and intermittent contact atomic force microscopy. This is due to low forces and indentations that these cantilevers are able to exert on the surface and high amplitudes needed to overcome adhesion to the surface. Here it is shown that by employing electrostatic forcing of cantilever the imaging of local elastic properties of surface and subsurface layers can be carried out. Also, by mechanically exciting the higher vibration modes in contact or intermittent contact with the surface and monitoring the phase of vibrations, the contrast due to local surface elasticity together with surface microtopography is obtained.
Piezoelectric actuators and ultrasonic motors have advanced enormously since their beginnings over 25 years ago. They offer advantages of low speed, low inertia and high torque operation without the need for gearboxes. They are now successfully competing with conventional electromagnetic motors in applications requiring small positioning motors. Ultrasonic stepper motors and piezoactuators have not competitors in the field of ultraprecision positioning drives.
Ultrasonic motors convert high frequency vibrations of a structure excited by piezoelectric elements into rotor or slider motion by a frictional drive. This principle has been configured into many embodiments, giving rapid response times, holding torque without power applied and potentially silent motion. Their miniaturization for use in MEMS (microelectromechanical systems), microrobotics and the watch industry is particularly exciting, since they have a simple construction and excellent performance for their size. Ultrasonic motors have the potential to meet space research needs as actuators for telerobotics applications. The current difficulties in designing high performance ultrasonic motors are associated with the lack of complete models and general design rules, especially in the analysis of the frictional drive between the rotor and stator. The technical problems associated with required tolerances in construction, bonding piezoelectric materials to a stator structure and the performance of different friction layer materials are not completely solved. This work discusses the state-of -the-art ultrasonic miniature motor's research, commercial application and future trends.
X-ray diffraction patterns reflected from the laser treated crystalline CoSi2 layer, the measurements of surface electrical resistance and atomic force microscopy micrographs confirm the 'generation-diffusion-deformational instabilities' model of formation of defect ordered structures of various types. The CO2 laser induced decrease of the thermal coefficient of resistance to zero in Co-Ti-Si films is realized. X-ray diffraction studies of the treated films confirm that the obtained (alpha) changes with number of laser pulses are caused due to solid phase reaction Co + 2Si equals CoSi2 and 5Ti + 3Si equals Ti5Si3.
The investigations of photo luminescence spectra of the electrochemically produced porous GaAs layers, excited by continuous Ar laser radiation, were carried out. The chemical composition of the anodized p- and n-GaAs was analyzed by x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. The GaAs surface morphology was examined by high-resolution transmission-electron microscopy and surface structure was investigated by electronograph EMR100 and Atomic Force Microscopy. It is established that increasing a duration and current density of etching changes the porosity of bulk GaAs and both Galium and arsenic oxides are formed on the sample surface Photo luminescence spectra of investigated porous surface consist of 'IR' and 'green' spectral structures. The 'IR' structure exhibits redshifts of its peak energies, and 'green' structure intensity is dependent on etching conditions. A possible reason of origin and changes in those spectra is discussed.
Formation of clusters of vacancies in crystalline CoSi2 has been attained by Q-switched YAG:Nd laser. The X-ray diffraction, atomic force microscopy and electrical resistance measurements, and infrared reflection spectra give evidence of formation of Si vacancies. By laser treatment with intensity ranging from 20 to 50 MW/cm2 in air the magnitude of the resistance of the CoSi2 layer increases approximately by a factor of three, in liquid nitrogen medium approximately by a factor of five. The second task of the present study has been to use the pulsed laser treatment of approach as much as possible the zero value of thermal coefficient of resistivity (TCR) of a Co- Ti-Si layer. The TCR of a Co-Ti-Si layer subject to previous treatment for 30 min at 460 degree(s)C becomes smaller than 10-5 K-1 after irradiation of nine 150 ns CO2 laser pulses of the intensity I equals 1 MW/cm2.
Simple Matlab/Simulink model is presented allowing to simulate numerically the dynamics of surface coupled cantilever in wide frequency range. Contact interaction between surface and cantilever is estimated by nonlinear distance function. Simulations show that cantilever can retain the harmonic response to the sine excitation above its fundamental resonant frequency due to its small mass and spring constant and strong surface adhesion forces. The motion of the cantilever becomes chaotic at certain combinations of amplitude and frequency of excitation, as cantilever and surface lose contact. Frequency spectrum of cantilever deflection contains high frequency component corresponding to the nonlinear surface-cantilever contact spring and dependent on the surface material parameters.
The anodically etched macroporous and nanoporous silicon layers (PS) were tested in order to determine their surface roughness dependence eon fabrication method. Porous silicon layers were obtained by electrochemical etching of n-type wafers, and then highly doped. Deep P+ layers were prepared by boron diffusion into the PS from spin-on glass glasses. The structure of PS surface of solar cells obtained was examined by atomic force microscopy. The system of PS coated with nanoporous PS as a antireflection coating exhibited a uniform macroarray of regular square and faceted large features of various sizes as a texturisated solar cell with average 1.43 micrometers high and computed roughness parameter Rz - 2.37 micrometers . For the same macroporous silicon sample without additional nanoporous silicon layer computed Rz was 4.84 micrometers . This could be explained by electropolishing of macroporous silicon surface. The obtained results confirm that AFM can be employed for the accurate measurement of the shape of macroporous silicon covered by the nanoporous silicon layer.
Micromachined cantilever beams are widely used for different microengineering and nanotechnology actuators and sensors applications. The micromechanical cantilever tip-based data storage devices with reading real data at the rates exceeding 1Mbit/s have been demonstrated. The vibrational noise spectrum of a cantilever limits the data storage resolution. Therefore the possibility to measure the microvibrations and acoustic fields in different micromachined devices are of great interest. We describe a method to study a micromechanical cantilever and surface vibrations based on laser beam deflection measurements. The influence of piezoelectric plate vibrations and the tip- surface contact condition on the cantilever vibrations were investigated in the frequency range of 1-200 kHz. The experiments were performed using the measurement results. The V-shaped cantilevers exited by the normal vibrations due to the non-linearity at the tip-surface contact vibrates with a complex motion and has a lateral vibration mode coupled with normal vibration mode. The possibility to use laser deflection technique for the vibration measurements in micromachined structures with nano resolution is shown.
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