The paper discusses several techniques for performance evaluation of passive digital imaging systems. The principal approach of these techniques is a comparison of the output signals from a real imaging system and from the idealized one. The first technique applies the normalized least-square error called fidelity as an absolute measure of the output signal difference. The second technique uses the correlation coefficient that reflects the difference between linear combinations of the output signals as an estimation of performance. The third technique is based on evaluation of the information rate of the output signals.

The fractal compression of images allows to receive the greatest factor of compression, high image quality and resolution, which is not depending from initial image resolution. However, encoding process by this method has characterized by low speed that lay in the long search time for domain blocks. In this work question of increasing the speed of fractal compression of photo realistic images are considering.

Distinguished tendency of modern experimental informatics (EI) and metrology technical means development is their intellectualization. Examples of neural network technologies (NNT) application in modern EI for measurement, monitoring, diagnostics and tests are indicated. Features of NNT from the point of view of their application in means of EI are considered, field of solved by them problems is determined. Parallel 'measurement - classification' is conducted, i.e. problem of measurement -- determination of numerical value of physical quantity -- is considered as problem of classification. Possibility of NNT application in EI for interpolation of interferometer quadrature measuring signals with the purpose of resolving possibility increase in range of nanometer is considered. For solution of interpolation problem some structures of artificial neural networks such as perceptron and probabilistic networks are analyzed. Comparative analysis of exactitude for all considered structures is indicated. Increasing of the interferometer resolution by means of NNT application is possible theoretically up to 0.001 nm.

In article the new method of reduction of a methodical error of self-calibration is considered which can be used in ADC, constructed on the basis of the redundant positional number systems. The idea of a method is based on a choice of an auxiliary analog signal, at which the methodical error accepts the minimal value. The results of mathematical modeling of the offered method are given.

The paper presents a novel three-dimensional network and its application to pattern analysis. This is a multistage architecture which investigates partial correlations between structural image components. Initially the image is partitioned to be processed in parallel channels. In each channel, the structural components are transformed and subsequently separated depending on their informational activity, to be mixed with the components from other channels for further processing. An output result is represented as a pattern vector, whose components are computed one at a time to allow the quickest possible response. The paper presents an algorithm applied to facial images decomposition. The input gray-scale image is transformed so that each pixel contains information about the spatial structure of its neighborhood. A three-level representation of gray-scale image is used in order for each pixel to contain the maximum amount of structural information. The most correlated information is extracted first, making the algorithm tolerant to minor structural changes.

The realization of logic-temporal functions processing in eye- processor type device is considered in the given paper. The KVP-transformations principle was offered to be used for this purpose. It permits to treat any incoming signals and form a unified function for making final decision regarding object identification. This approach will be realized by means of signals transformation into logic-temporal functions. Complex mathematical operations with logic-temporal functions are also considered. Derivation and integration of logic-temporal functions, influence operator formation can be considered as such operations. All operations with logic-temporal functions are suggested to be realized by means of quantronum-automata. They are multi-dimensional threshold devices and allow to process signals with a great number of parameters.

Theoretical substantiation of creation expediency and efficiency of optical-electronical multi-functional operating screen for timer bio-processors was made in this work. It is also represented in this work. The substantiation of models and elaborated formal apparatus for synthesis of hardware facilities based on quantron-automatum machines.

The transformation of an optical signal in a microwave range allows increasing a processing speed of an optical signal. But the problem of a highly sensitive reception of a signal remains actual. The use of photo-diodes and field effect transistors with a Schottky barrier is accompanied by significant losses of an optical signal. Optical controlled microwave circuits with a negative resistance -- negatrons allows to increase sensitivity of transformation and to reduce losses of an optical signal. The purpose of the article is the analysis of a possibility of application of various types of microwave circuits with a negative resistance for transformation of an optical signal.

The given work is devoted to the analysis of problems connected to a substantiation of an internal nature of light and consideration it as of objective limiting unit of the information. In work are considered a number of theoretical questions and problems of applied character, which concern the analysis of the basic ideas of the scientific concept both characteristic of a modern status and prospects of development of information systems on base optoelectronic information- power technologies.

One of the main parts of intellectual systems' construction is a creation of technical vision systems. Much attention is paid to the working out of design of neural net structures which are easy taught and able to recognize complex visual pictures. But they also have many problems under the realization of certain function. One of the attempts on increase of treatment and recognition quality of visual scenes is the construction of cellular aperiodical neural automatons functioning by principles of man's brain. In the work there are presented the bases of functioning and realization of such structures, their advantages and defects.

Use of security devices based on a joint transform correlator (JTC) architecture for identification of credit cards and other products is very promising. The experimental demonstration of the random phase encoding technique for security verification shows that hybrid JTCs can be successfully utilized. The random phase encoding technique provides a very high protection level of products and things to be identified. However, the realization of this technique is connected with overcoming of the certain practical problems. To solve some of these problems and simultaneously to improve the security of documents and other products, we propose to use a transformed phase mask (TPM) as an input object in an optical correlator. This mask is synthesized from a random binary pattern (RBP), which is directly used to fabricate a reference phase mask (RPM). To obtain the TPM, we previously separate the RBP on a several parts (for example, K parts) of an arbitrary shape and further fabricate the TPM from this transformed RBP. The fabricated TPM can be bonded as the optical mark to any product or thing to be identified. If the RPM and the TPM are placed on the optical correlator input, the first diffracted order of the output correlation signal is containing the K narrow autocorrelation peaks. The distances between the peaks and the peak's intensities can be treated as the terms of the identification feature vector (FV) for the TPM identification.

Nowadays digital systems of image reproduction are the most mobile as compared with other systems of corporate usage. As a rule the given systems comprise compound screens for reproduction of half-tone color image of TV-type. The screens are assembled of modules. The developed module comprises four full-color (color pixels consists of three cells emitting in red, green, blue parts of spectrum), d.c. gas discharge indication panels (GDIP) and control panel. These four panels form the information field having the following parameters: (1) the number of color lines -- 64; (2) the number of color pixels in a line -- 64; (3) color pixel step -- 6 mm. New approach, realized for control panel construction permits to obtain 64 brightness gradings for each color components. All these measures allowed to improve the quality of the image being reproduced.

Among a variety of problems solved in the field of image processing, the problem of division of objects into classes and subclasses is considered to be the most essential. The algorithm of information processing is more effective in that case, when it provides compression or transformation of basic data with the purpose of definition of properties, indications, increase of self-descriptiveness, which are typical for the considered images. The initial data is contained in a brightness function f (x,y) of an image and in case of its processing, the new submission of the information about an image can be reached, which should be essential and the most simplified. At as stage of submission of the information it is necessary to note, that the new image supply should contain the essential key information, which is extracted rather simple.

This paper presents the basic concepts of designing of optimal consecutive-parallel strategy of speech recognition, based on the general-system efficiency criterion, which realizes the recognition procedure with alternatives pruning. It allows to increase the recognition rate on average and also to use a modular principle of designing of the recognition program via connecting additional modules while the complexity of the recognition task is increased. The task of the development of optimal recognition strategy in untrivial statement should be connected with an overall performance of the system as a whole, but not just with the condition of achievement of the given recognition accuracy. The complete formalization of the decision of this task for a general case is unknown today and is hardly possible. The formalization of the procedure of the development of the effective recognition strategy is possible only when feature sets of patterns are chosen by informal methods, and the criteria for the efficiency estimation are also chosen. Then the formal statement of the task of the development of the effective recognition strategy can be formulated as the task of the optimal decision tree searching, which is based on the general-system efficiency criterion. On each step of this hierarchical decision tree such features subset is selected, which reduces the entropy about patterns in maximum degree and increases the classification rate.

In computer graphics, anti-aliasing is a software technique for diminishing jaggies -- stairstep-like lines that should be smooth. Jaggies occur because the output device, the monitor or printer, doesn't have a high enough resolution to represent a smooth line. The standard anti-aliasing reduces the prominence of jaggies by surrounding the stair-steps with intermediate shades of gray. Although this reduces the jagged appearance of the lines, it also makes them fuzzier. The suggested anti-aliasing algorithm uses the interpolation based on self-similar multitudes to remove the jaggies. In contrast to the well-known anti-aliasing algorithms, this approach changes neither brightness nor colors of a magnified image. This anti-aliasing algorithm was implemented in the special software for low vision people -- the L&H Magnifier that is being developed by CMS, Ukraine and Lernaut & Hauspie, Belgium. The preliminary tests confirmed that the developed technology improves the quality of zoomed images much better than the standard algorithms but it needs a large number of the computer operation. So, it's reasonable to use the anti- aliasing algorithm based on self-similar multitudes, when the magnification level is 4 and higher.

It is offered concept of the building high-performance linear- algebraic optoelectronic spatial processor for parallel processing the matrixes in system of the analysis of the scenes. The Processor realizes the arithmetic-logical operations of the parallel processing the matrixes, day set bit plane, as well as on their base scaling, tumbling, separation sidebar images. Happen to the results of the basic researches of the parallel mathematical models to organizations of the computing processes, algorithm and structures for algebraic adding, multiplying, division, matrix inversion. Their particularity there is removing the restrictions on dimensionality of the processed matrixes. They are evaluated main parameters proposed optoelectronic processor marketed on SEED-instrument. The Supposed level to capacity under digital accuracy of the calculations is found at a rate of 10³ MFLOP.

The receiving of good coefficients of the image compression probably in the event that the compressor is specialized and it takes into account special features of the image structure. The submitted method of the statistical block compression of images takes into account the presence in the image many areas with almost identical brightness. The in itself given method does not represent the special value, as its unique positive quality is account of special features of the image structure. The method makes the analysis of the image on with the purpose of detection of areas with close brightness. But the given method actually reduces volume of an initial file, coding the information thus, at which it is convenient for compression by a method LZW. The method of statistical block compression of images consists in the analysis of blocks, which turn out by division of the entrance image. The size of received blocks is identical. Above received blocks are made affine transformations and those blocks, which satisfy to the element control criterion are considered identical. The basic task consists in search of the greatest amount of acceptable blocks. Certainly, the search is possible to make very much plenty of time, as if we have the image size 100 X 100, the amount of blocks of the different size can be equal 10,000. But to make it is unprofitable, therefore block has a kind of a square. The submitted method has two variants: one uses the block of the fixed size 8 X 8 (given size was determined experimentally), another uses blocks of the various size, which turn out by dynamic division of unacceptable blocks. Upon termination of the analysis of blocks at presence of acceptable blocks in a final file the following information enters the name: amount of blocks, blocks, coded information, which defines the place of the block and the identifier of affine transformation. Two variants of the submitted method practically are identical on efficiency, as use of dynamic division of the block improves the factor of compression on 15 - 20%, but increases the program time.

We propose a fast algorithm for calculating a Fresnel diffraction pattern. A technique for generating a diffraction pattern will be useful for constructing a holographic digital data storage system without lenses, which make the optical detection unit heavier. However, it usually takes a long time to compute the diffraction patterns from the data that we want to record. Therefore, a fast calculation technique is an important step toward making the system practical. The Fresnel diffraction pattern can be generated using the Fourier transform, because the pattern is produced using a convolution integral of data with the light propagation function. However, if we use the fast Fourier transform, which is a kind of a discrete Fourier transform used in order to reduce the computational complexity, instead of the Fourier transform, many errors will probably occur in the reconstructed data. This is because the diffraction pattern generated using the fast Fourier transform is a huge pattern consisting of many repetitions of a smaller element, but in practical use only one of the small elements is used, so the reconstructed data is different from the source data. In this case, a brightest image, which is not exactly the same as the source data, appears directly below the pattern, and weak reconstructed images appear around it. To solve this problem, the proposed algorithm generates a diffraction pattern in which the image directly below the pattern is made as equal as possible to the source data by using a signal processing technique. In this report, we first describe our algorithm and present simulation results. Then we discuss its effect.

For a civilization of the post-industrial society which is defined as 'informational civilization,' the heightened interest to new technological expedients of any interaction with the information is characteristic. Now concept 'information' is defined as an independent category. The organization, storage, transmission and displaying of information, in essence, is one of the ways of its self- organization for a civilization of such type. Therefore branches bound with generating and support of information highways, are in the center of attention those who tries to capture strategic favorable positions in world community. The reasons of the geopolitical and economic strategy in this case are direct, 'easy-to-see' mechanisms of creation of the structures in investigation activity and industry, 'Easy-to- see,' analyzable, even predictable -- but not defining. The modern science knows the physical laws of composite system's self-organization, and, as clear now, the unclosed nonequilibrium system, which one is a World Net, is subject to the laws of such system's self-organization. Nowadays the fractal nature of all Webs' infrastructures as super complex self-organizing transport-information system is established. Besides, in a row of its performances we observe an openness, coherence, nonlinearly, that together with other aspects allows to identify it as physical fractal structure living on the laws of self-organization. The interest to this phenomenon is quite clear. We have to know the laws of behavior of a Web because it is one of the sides of appearance of Noosphere, and we must adequately interact with it. There are numerous important problems, bound with a Web, and attempts to resolve them are the first task of human community, as nevertheless the human person creates the Web (or nature by hand of the person?) It's very interesting to analyze the previous history of occurrence of such phenomenon, as a Web, and to do the attempts of the prognoses on the future. For this purpose it is necessary to study the process of creating that what is possible to determine as information channels: signal lights (optical transmission mode of the information), radio waves, electrons in the semiconductor-devices, quantum in optic fibers, etc. The technological methods of every possible technical realization of information channels exhibit on this evolution course the obvious order. Since concept 'information' has been recognized as the self-maintained category, it has become clear, that it is necessary to be with it considered, as with requirements of an environment of a habitation. Now basic way of administration of any processes in community is the management of information streams.

The convincing results of new technologies in the field of element base (for example transputers and PLD) enable to realize not only new algorithms of information processing, but also to return to consideration and improvement of known methods, which in due time have not found applications because of limitation of element base. In work the universality of this method, which includes the invariance to researched base and method of data coding is shown. Feature of this method is possibility of representation of the basis computing process as vector-matrix transformations.

The influence of eye jumps on the accuracy of estimation of Zernike coefficients from eye transverse aberration measurements was investigated. By computer modeling the ametropy and astigmatism have been examined. The standard deviation of the wave aberration function was calculated. It was determined that the standard deviation of the wave aberration function achieves the minimum value if the number of scanning points is equal to the number of eye jumps in scanning period. The recommendations for duration of measurement were worked out.

Recently the photometric and spectrophotometric methods of biotissue diagnostics, based on searching interrelation of scalar characteristics of optical radiation field with their structural parameters. The complex of investigation of transformation processes of linear-polarized radiation in biotissues has demonstrated the new possibilities of diagnostics of their pathological biotissues (human skin derma, the whit matter and tissues of the gray matter, tissue of aorta side, necrotic ulcer, bone tissue, etc.). The report presented deals with researching possibilities of laser polarized diagnostics of arising and proceeding of pathological changes of biotissue morphological structure.

The aim of this work is the estimation of eye-conjunctiva microcirculation and diagnosis. Dynamic observation can be made in the process of pathological change diagnosis and treatment with using of elaborated device. The work generalizes the experience of practical application and presents diagnostic and additional user possibilities of the optic-electronic complex for processing of eye-conjunctiva microcirculation. The optic-electronic system instantaneously provides an image, prints out the data of study, analysis of eye-conjunctiva microcirculation and is several times cheaper than foreign analogues while matching their quality.

A device which is a new stage in the development of medical equipment has been developed. The device works as an ultrasound microscope in vivo and provides 4 up to 32 colored histological image. It gives possibility to estimate tissue acoustic density with the help of 4 up to 32 gradation coloring different tissues and enables tissue microcirculation visualization. With the help of the device a doctor can objectify fatty hepatitis and cirrhosis, edema of different organs and tissues as well as microcirculation in organs and tissues (e.g. muscles, myocard and bone system). New promising applications of ultrasound systems in diagnostics and for choosing individual treatment tactics, with pathogenesis being taken into account, may be developed with the help of the device.

A rapid development of modern computer technologies gave a powerful incentive to technical progress as a whole and to medical equipment in particular. A range of medical diagnostic computer-based systems has recently appeared. There are various fields these techniques are used in: roentgenology, ultrasound diagnostic, neurophysiology, angiology etc. The advantages of the use of computer interface are undoubted: it gives possibility to enhance the functioning of the system itself, speed up all technological processes, carry out a reliable and easy archivation and exchange the information obtained. But the most important advantage of using PC in diagnostic system lies in an unlimited freedom of use mathematical algorithms and flexible mathematical models for processing information obtained. On the other hand, the absence of clinical techniques for interpretation of the data obtained is an obstacle to the use of software at its full potential. As a result, a close connection of a scientific development of hardware with high-informative techniques for clinical interpretation of the instrumental data obtained has become topical as never before. We see an optimal solution in introducing the interpretation patterns in conjunction with purely numerical computations into mathematical simulations.

Vascular pathologies constitute a significant part of human's diseases and their rate tends to increase. Numerous investigations of brain blood flow in a normal condition and in a pathological one has created a new branch of modern medicine -- angioneurology. It combines the information on brain angioarchitecture and on blood supply in a normal condition and in a pathological one. Investigations of a disease's development constitute an important problem of a modern medicine. Cerebrum blood supply is regulated by arterial inflow and venous outflow, but, unfortunately, in the literature available arterial and venous beds are considered separately. This causes an one-sided interpretation of atherosclerotical and discirculatory encefalopathies. As arterial inflow and venous outflow are interrelated, it seems to be expedient to perform a complex estimation of arteriovenous interactions, prove a correlation dependence connection between the beds and find a dependence in a form of mathematical function. The results will be observed clearly in the graphs. There were 139 patients aged from 2 up to 70 examined in the 'Istyna' Scientific Medical Ultrasound Center by means of a Logidop 2 apparatus manufactured by Kranzbuhler, Germany using a technique of cerebral arteries and veins ultrasound location (invented and patented by Ulyana Lushchyk, State Patent of Ukraine N10262 of 19/07/1995). A clinical interpretation of the results obtained was performed. With the help of this technique and ultrasound Dopplerography the blood flow in major head and cervical arteries was investigated. While performing a visual graphic analysis we paid attention to the changes of carotid artery (CA), internal jugular vein (IJV) and supratrochlear artery's (STA) hemodynamical parameters. Generally accepted blood flow parameters: FS -- maximal systolic frequency and FD -- minimal diastolic frequency were measured. The correlation between different combinations of parameters in the vessels mentioned above was investigated. Correlation analysis shows a significant (r equals 0.95) interdependence between different combination of hemodynamical parameters.

In paper the basic stages of intelligent techniques application for processing the optical information in medical systems of diagnostic decisions making support are considered. The features of intelligent techniques application are illustrated on an example of system of decision making support in instant nontrauma death occurrence time determination construction.

Investigated the control possibilities by transversal distribution of optical radiation localized on bio-object light-guide-lightdiode of structures. Adapted a parametrial control method, which is bottomed on time-variable deformations of radiated body in plane of entrance lightguide window. The researches Results can be gone in newest phototherapy technologies.

The devices for monitoring of parameters of efficiency of water solutions filtration, which are based on the analysis of scattered light by microparticles are considered in this article. The efficiency of using of devices in pharmaceutics in technological processes of manufacturing medical injection solutions is shown. The examples of monitoring of contents of bacterial cultures Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli, and Micrococcus luteus in water solutions of glucose are indicated.

Data on surface enhanced infrared absorption (SEIRA) of nucleic acids deposited on the metal surface have been obtained in the experiment in FTIR reflectance mode. As metal surface, we used Au of 200 - 500 Angstrom thickness on quartz substrate. Roughness of Au was not greater than 50 Angstrom. In our experimental conditions, the enhancement factor of SEIRA was about 3 - 7. We obtained different enhancement factors for different vibrations of nuclei acids. Application of this method to the tumour brain nucleic acid gave a possibility to reveal some structural peculiarities of their sugar-phosphate backbone.

System for determination of glucose in aqueous solution based on silicon nitride ISFET has been created and tested. Glucose oxidase deposited onto the gate of ISFET provided high sensitivity towards presence of glucose in analyzed solution. Concentration dependence has been studied. It was found that the detection limit was less than 0.1 mMol/l and response was linear with a slope amounting to 55 - 57 mV/decade.

The polarization properties of the light leaving from the planar waveguide (WG) being a basis of a planar polarization interferometer (which now is the most sensitive optical instrument, utilized as biosensors) were investigated. The angular distribution of a light emerges SiO₂-Si₃N₄-SiO₂ silicon structure was studied. The measurement of a polarization degree of an outcoming light depending on angle of an propagation is carried out.

The natural sensory systems of some species are characterized as having good discriminating ability and sensitivity. Specific neural mechanisms which ensure high informational quality of sensory tract are distributed over the whole tract length, and can be found even at the very beginning of it. In the olfactory receptor neuron, which is the primary reception point for sensing odors, the process of neuronal triggering is cooperative and threshold-type in a sense that the neuron can fire if and only if the number of its receptor proteins which are bound with odor molecules is above a definite threshold. The receptor proteins have discriminating ability expressed in terms of different dissociation constants for different chemicals. The discriminating ability of the receptor neuron can be characterized in terms of different firing rates for different odors. It is shown that the neuronal discriminating ability can be much higher than that of its receptor proteins, provided the odors are presented in low concentrations.

The new biosensor of vitamin D synthetic capacity of solar/artificial UV-B radiation is based on liquid crystal with provitamin D dopant. Nematic liquid crystals (LC-805, ZLI-1695) are converted into induced cholesteric phase using photosensitive steroid biomolecules of provitamin D₃ (7- dehydrocholesterol). During UV exposure remarkable decrease in the number of the Cano-Grandjean stripes has been observed in the wedge-like cell as a result of UV initiated photoisomerization of provitamin D₃ that changed helical twisting power of the dopant molecules.

Using surface plasmon resonance we studied how the ferment- substrate interaction between trypsin and its soybean inhibitor at gold surface depended on previous treatment of the gold surface with NaNCS (thiocyanate) and NaNCO. It was shown that protein adsorption appreciably increased after surface modification by thiocyanate and didn't show any increase after their treatment with NaNCO. In the case of NaNCS treatment protein retained its biological properties and formed an oriented monolayer.

The formation of Au_xS_y interfacial layer by reactive annealing of gold films in H₂S atmosphere is investigated. This seems to be a technologically favorable technique for the large-scale and low-cost fabrication of nondestructive immobilization support for biological molecules. Formation of phases with different chemical functionality and surface topography as a function of reaction time was studied using Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM), Surface Plasmon Resonance (SPR) measurements and biomolecular interaction analysis [trypsin -- Soybean Trypsin Inhibitor (STI) reaction]. The results obtained confirm the classical two-step model for the sulfide phase formation during reactive annealing. This includes an intermediate formation of a dispersed phase of sulfur followed by its reconstruction to a close-packed sulfide layer. Adsorption of proteins onto a certain sulfide layer passes with retention of a native state of adsorbed molecules. The proposed strategy for formation of biochemical structures (gold/sulfide/proteins) on the surface of physical transducers open a new way for design and development of novel artificial smart sensing systems. They not only maintain optimal functioning of bioreceptors but also are responsive to their environment.

The managers of banking information technologies, system integrators accepting solutions about modernization existing or creation of new local area networks, appear before a problem of choice -- what cables better to use for different telecommunication subsystems of a building-fiber-optic or electric wire. On choice depends not only solution of the concrete tasks, but also long-term perspective of development. Main technical problems of banking establishments are creation of information data highways between separately standing buildings, inside office buildings and high-speed systems of backup of the information. The telecommunication infrastructure of office building consists of two subsystems - - trunk and horizontal. As to the trunk of the complex of buildings -- third component of the cable system of a local area network, the choice is already made for the benefit of a fiber. The fiber-optic cables have a number of conclusive advantages -- high speed of data transfer, practical absence of limitations in length of channels, galvanic isolation of earth systems of buildings. However inside a building the situation is not so obvious.

Fast-acting systems and devices, using fiber-optic lines as transmission medium, the application of low-noise converters designed for transformation of optic signals into electric ones compatible with digital integrated circuits is of great importance. One of the possible methods of such converter construction is suggested in the given paper. The scheme of multimode fiber-optic lines receiver designed for data transmission rate of 125 - 140 MBit/s at the wavelength of optic radiation of (lambda) equals 1,3 micrometer has been developed. The parameters of the receiver meet the requirements of closed-loop local computing net, where fiber- optic lines (FDDI standard) are used as transmission medium. The receiver was developed on the base of bipolar transistors and p-i-n photodiode.

The generalized circuit of the digital channel, the component functions for fiber-optic modules, design purposes and alternative methods achievement, unification opportunity of circuit design decisions are given.

Extensions of coupled-mode theory for splice of different optical fiber with arbitrary refractive index profiles is considered. Solutions for optical fibers were obtained by Gaussian approximation based on approximation of fiber optical waveguide with arbitrary index profile to equivalent optical waveguide with parabolic index profile. A mode coupling coefficients at splice of different optical fibers are determined by analytical expressions for splice of fiber lightguides with parabolic index profile and non-identical geometric parameters. Redistribution of energy of optical emission between modes up to condition of balanced mode distribution is determined as a decision of equations of coupling mode of equivalent lightguide with parabolic index profile. The results of investigations of mode dependent on geometric conditions of splice are represented.

We present an extension of the equivalent optical waveguide method for analyze piecewise regular singlemode fiber optic waveguides with arbitrary refractive index profiles. This extension involves modeling the original optical waveguide by means of an equivalent optical waveguide with parabolic index profile for each regular section. In this case, equivalent mode-field diameter and parameters of each regular waveguides with arbitrary refractive index profile can be easily obtained. These parameters and Gaussian approximation of modes for each regular section are used for decision of piecewise regular waveguide integral equation. Numerical values were obtained and represented.

We study the ability of optical fibers to resist the damaging effect of the electric discharge in relation with the power of optical radiation transmitted via the fiber. A technique for testing optical fiber samples is discussed. The dependence of the damaging arc current on the power level of transmitted optical radiation is considered. It is shown that the power of transmitted optical radiation needs to be taken into account when estimating the resistance of the optical fiber to the effect of the electric discharge.

The problem of modern modeling fiber-optical measuring transducers is rather urgent. The preliminary mathematical modeling is really necessary when investigating a wide range of physical quantities. Moreover the stage of mathematical modeling is in fact essential because this stage presupposes the possibility of creating the most adequate model, keeping account of maximum numbers of influence factors. The author has formerly developed the general mathematical model, covering a wide range of the above-mentioned factors within the tensor parameters of dielectric permeability of the optical medium of the FOMT sensitive element, which is under development. The author has also worked out the formalized operational models of some basic physical influence factors (e.g. temperature, mechanical strain, deformation, etc.), defined the action of the operators in functional space and explored their properties. The report offers for discussion the problem of simultaneous effect of several above-mentioned influence factors. The author has proposed the mathematical model permitting to assess such effect in the parameters of optic medium by using the properties of operational models. The results of the investigation lead to two conclusions about the use of modeling. The first conclusion ensues from the nature of the investigation and consists in direct employment of the results of modeling the simultaneous effect of several factors in designing FOMT. The second conclusion is about the possibility of keeping account of the influence of the above- mentioned factors with known parameter.

We study the ability of optical fibers to resist the damaging effect of the electric discharge in relation with the power of optical radiation transmitted via the fiber. A technique for testing optical fiber samples is discussed. The dependence of the damaging arc current on the power level of transmitted optical radiation is considered. It is shown that the power of transmitted optical radiation needs to be taken into account when estimating the resistance of the optical fiber to the effect of the electric discharge.

Hydrodynaniic simulation code that is based on the cubic interpolated pseudo-particle (CIP) scheme and the model of the equation of state is developed to analyze the hydrodynamic instabilities in the inertial confinement fusion. Ablation structure, shockwave, and the hydrodynamic instabilities by KrF laser were investigated by the one and two dimensional hydrodynamic simulation.

Silicon transistor speed limit is a little bit more than 1 Gbit/s. GaAs and related materials transistor homostructures permits to spread frequency and temperature ranges of signal processing, but did not give qualitative growth of the information flow transformation and processing speed rapidly growing in the modern society. A₃B₅ semiconductor heteroelectronics gives a good possibility to use new optoelectronics and quantum effects in nanostructures to jump up transistor parameters and create microlasers and other new high-speed optoelectronic devices. Nowadays most use the AlGaAs/GaAs and InGaAsP/InP heterostructures, which have good lattice matched substrates and solid state solution epitaxial layers and low dislocation density on heteroboundary. This gives high radiative recombination quantum yield and low noise in transistors and integrated circuits based on them. The main physical-technological steps of super high speed optoelectronics development and its high-speed performance particularly are: (1) GaAs/AlGaAs double heterostructures with matched crystal lattice (1963, Zh. Alferov, R. Kazarinov). (2) Quaternary system InGaAsP with the best possibility of operation of such parameters as energy gap, lattice constant and thermal spreading factor (1966, N. Sirota, V. Osinsky). (3) High quality lattice dismatched structures involving superlattice and coherent strained layers. (4) Increasing of state density and electron concentration in quantum wells, quantum dots and quantum wires. (5) Progress and commercialization of industrial production of molecular beam and metal organic vapor deposition epitaxy. (6) High quality wide energy gap materials, such as gallium nitride-based ternary system, which spreads an optical spectrum of devices up to blue region, give high power, temperature and radiation perfection. It is possible to represent integrated nanostructures as some quantum heterogeneous informative media with electron-photon and photon-electron transformation of two- or three dimensional (2D or 3D) information signals. Their high speed processing consists of traditional time modulation and super high speed 2D or 3D spatial modulation mode. In the last case quantum heterogeneous media gives us a large possibility to reach super high spatial frequencies, limited by wavelength of electrons in quantum wells. This is a value of order 10⁶ lines per mm for electronic signals and of order 10⁴ lines per mm for optical signals.

Mechanisms of defect-formation in heterolayers compounds II-VI had considered. Influence of isovalent impurity on generated dot point defect, optical properties and radiation stabilizing of investigated layers has discussed. The basic parameters of some devices had considered.

Refractive index of porous silicon (PS) were modulated throughout the chemical oxidation, thermal oxidation and controlling current density during PS formation. The oxidized PS layers showed a good gradient of refractive index to application in waveguide devices, with higher refractive index in sub layer near de surface and less refractive index close to PS/Substrate interface. In order to fabricate wave guide devices, Silicon wall were formed of 10 to 20 micrometer wide, 10 micrometer high and 1000 micrometer to 10000 micrometer length. Wall formation were achieved throughout anisotropic etching process in 7M KOH aqueous solution at 75 degrees Celsius. The properties of PS layer were analyzed by Raman spectroscopy, Infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), optical and scanning electron microscopy and reflectance spectroscopy. PS multilayers on the walls, as well as on the substrate, are formed by means of a chemical anodization process with various current densities. The structures are characterized using scanning electron microscopy, optical imaging, and Raman spectroscopy. Raman analysis shows a multilayer structure on the walls, suggesting different refractive indices for each layer. These results indicate the possibility of obtention of visible light waveguides formed by porous silicon multilayers made on silicon vertical walls.

Several applications of silicon microstructures in areas such as neurobiology and electrophysiology have been stimulating the development of microsystems with the objective of mechanical support to monitor and control several parameters in cell cultures. In this work a multi-microelectrode arrays was fabricated over a glass plate to obtain the growth of neuronal cell monitoring their behavior during cell development. To identify the neuron core and axon an approach for implementation of edge detectors algorithms associated to images is described. The necessity of efficient and reliable algorithms for image processing and interpretation is justified by its large field of applications in several areas as well as medicine, robotics, cellular biology, computational vision and pattern recognition. In this work, it is investigated the adequacy of some edge detectors algorithms such as Canny, Marr-Hildreth. Some alterations in those methods are propose to improve the identification of both cell core and axonal growth measure. We compare the operator to edge detector proposed by Canny, Marr-Hildreth operator and application of Hough Transform. For evaluation of algorithms adaptations, we developed a method for automatic cell segmentation and measurement. Our goal is to find a set of parameters defining the location of the objects to compare the original and processed images.

This work presents results of purification process investigations from undesirable contaminations as iron, copper etc. oxides of porous preforms from SiO₂ at utilization of different chlorine components in high temperatures. We defined sources of undesirable contaminations during silica glass synthesis by colloidal sol-gel methods. We calculated equilibrium constants of chemical reactions of transient element oxides with three different chlorinating agents under high temperature conditions. Then we examined possibilities of removing these contaminations. Results of presented investigations permit on projecting variant of colloidal sol- gel method making possible receipt glass about optical fiber purity.

We have made 12 preparations of different optical fibers with circular (diameter 5 micrometer) and elliptical (4 X 18 micrometer) cores made of liquid crystals. We have elaborated drawing of capillaries of suitable dimensions from quartz glass and we have constructed a few stations for successive stages of preparation and measurement of these fibers. We have examined influence of hydroxylation of capillary's inner surface and coating it by polyimide or polyvinyl alcohol on quality of prepared liquid crystal fibers. Acquired relationships for one kind of liquid crystal allowed creation of general rules of preparation of liquid crystals optical fibers. These general rules will surely fit other kinds of liquid crystals.

Photoelectric properties of polycrystalline silicon films under influence of illumination were investigated. The possibility of forming polysilicon films by pulse thermal annealing has been shown. Obtained results of measurements have been analyzed from the viewpoint of the model of polycrystalline film conductance taking intergrain barriers of the Shottky type. It was shown that polysilicon film with fine grain size may be use as short wave photodetectors due to the presence of shallow p-n junctions at their grain boundary.

The production efficiency of single mode optical fibers for telecommunication uses depends on the synthesis speed of optipure silica glass. This work presents a new hybrid method of preform manufacturing called by us OICVD (outside and inner chemical vapor deposition). It is a superposition of individual processes of well known MCVD (Modified Chemical Vapor Deposition) and OVD (outside Vapor Deposition) methods of large scale optical fibers production. We have obtained higher efficiency of production (in laboratory scale) in comparison with classic manufacturing methods. Most of experimental investigations were passed basing on raw materials produced in Ukraine (Institut 'Syntez,' Boryslav near Lvov.'

Hetero-transitions on a base of InAs and AnSb compounds permitted to obtain cheap light diodes and detectors with the atmosphere maximal transparency region sensibility. There is assumed simultaneously, that the phon radiation in InAs-InAs_1-xSb_x is not large, which positively effects on receiver parameters. Changing the composition of InAs-InAs_{1- x}Sb_x solution, one may obtain the structure with the width of forbidden zone of the want of 0.35 to 0,1 eV. There is developed the heterostructures crystalline lattice parameters determining method (for substrate and film) with the DRON-3M x-ray diffractometer. There was found the nonlinear dependence of the heterostructures lattice parameter on the composition. Investigations of interatomic interaction in dependence on composition and also on the forbidden zone width Eg(x) have show, that solid solutions InAs-InAs_{1- x}Sb_x may be used for the obtaining of infra-red receiver.

The influence of thickness (d_t) and refractive index of the transition film-substrate region at different regularities of the change in n_t from the interface n_t equals 2.6 to the central part of the film n_f equals 2.05 on spectral characteristics of quarter-wavelength films with an operating length (lambda) ₀ equals 400 nm has been considered. The regularities of the change in the extremum (T_min) and frequency position of (lambda) _o depending on the thickness d_t varying from 0 to 300 nm with the increment of 30 nm have been modeled. A stepwise character of the distribution n_t has been found to have the largest influence on the change in T_min and (lambda) ₀. The results of the influence of thickness and character of the change in n_t in a high-refractive layer of 11-layer rejection filter S - BH...HB on the position of T_min and (lambda) _o are given.

The basic types of non-structural complexes in vitreous compounds of As₂S₃ and As₂Se₃ are described. The model of its forming are analysis. Technology aspects for preparation of compounds by melting, vacuum sublimation and chemical transport reactions method indicate that minimum numbers of defects is to vacuum sublimation method. Transmission spectra in visible region are investigated.

Filmforming materials for IR optics and optoelectronics based on the complex oxides, chalcogenides and fluorides were proposed. The urgent problem is to eliminate new opportunities on the improvement of the conventional filmforming materials and to promote new filmforming materials with less toxicity or of high ecological security. The achromatic transparent coats with improved transparency in the IR spectral range (2 - 12 micrometer) were prepared using new filmforming materials on the base of complex fluorides with low absorption level and complex sulphides of the spinel type. The filmforming materials for the coat with the enhanced durability for interference light-fillers or spectrum-divisors in the range of 1 - 2.5 micrometer on the base of ZnS-Ge and cryolite type systems as well as filmforming materials for the coats for He- Ne laser mirrors with low losses of radiation energy on the base of binary and complex RE and d-metals oxides were developed. The concept of teleological forecasting, methods and technologies of synthesis filmforming materials were proposed.

CdTe needle-like crystals were grown by CTR method in CdTe-Br system. Their resistivity is changed from 10 to 1000 (Omega) (DOT)cm depending on crystal diameter: it increases with the increase of wire diameters from 50 to 250 micrometer. Specimens with (rho) > 10 (Omega) (DOT)cm are observed to be photosensitive at 300 K. Photoconductivity spectrum is shown to depend on the whisker diameters. A model explaining the whisker electronic and photoelectrical parameters and their dimensional dependencies is discussed. This model is based on account of the surface states.

In order to form flat-panel displays with a high resolution property, the phosphor layer should possess considerable electrical conductivity and thermal stability. Thin phosphor films of zinc silicates, rare earth galats and/or multilayer system on their ground are known to satisfy these very requirements. The authors choose the following compounds of ZnSiO₄:Ti, ZnSiO₄:Mn, Zn_0.4Gd_1.6O₃:Eu, KGa₅O₈:Mn with the corresponding color gamma luminescence as the targets for laser pulse deposition based on the above mentioned reasons. The main results on the research physical-technological conditions of the thin phosphor compound film synthesis of the of ZnSiO₄:Ti, ZnSiO₄:Mn, Zn_0.4Gd_1.6O₃:Eu, KGa₅O₈:Mn obtained by means of the reactive laser pulse evaporating with the help of quasi-closed reactive ambience are given in this work.

It was investigated photosensitivity of single porous silicon heterostructures. Such heterostructures were created by electrochemical anodization of silicon monocrystal substrates. An experimental investigation of porSi/Si heterostructures was connected with current-voltage characteristics and photovoltaic effects. It was observed wide band photovoltaic sensitivity from 0.4 to 1.2 micrometer for different heterostructures. Using energy band configuration it was explained obtained curves. PorSi/Si heterostructure was also high sensitive to mechanical stresses. It was concluded that heterojunction on the basis porSi/Si plates may find application as wide-band photoconverters and tenzosensitivity devices.

This work is dedicated to investigation of the processes of obtaining thin single crystalline layers of storage phosphors based on KBr and KCl by means of diffusive methods with the aim of their possible application as spatial resolution image plates for digital radiography systems. The activator diffusion coefficient and its distribution along the thickness of the diffusive structure (DS) have been determined. The factors, which affect -- the structural perfection and DS optical quality have been analyzed. The peculiarities of photostimulate luminescence (PSL) processes in DS based on KBr and KCl doped with In and Tl ions, prepared at different temperatures of the diffusive process have been considered. It has been shown that PSL of DS KBr:Tl,In obtained at 600 - 650 degrees Celsius consists in the radiative recombination of electrons on the hole centers formed by cationic vacancies, whereas in the DS prepared at T_dif> 700 degrees Celsius the recombination on the Tl and In activator centers is predominant.

The results of the light-sensitive three-layer structures Ag- PbI₂-chalcogenide vitreous semiconductors (Ge-As-Se, Ge- As-S, Ge-P-Se, Ge-P-S) optical investigation are presented. It was observed that their optical density D changed reversibly under cycle step-by-step laser illumination with different wavelengths (442 and 633 nm). The observed photoinduced spectral changes have been discussed in consideration of the disperse state of Ag in the PbI₂ layer and the formed diffraction gratings in semiconductor layer.

Longitudinal and transversal piezoresistance has been calculated using the methods of anisotropic scattering theory in wide range of elastic uniaxial pressures, P (parallel)[001], P < 3.0 GPa. Band crossover of L₁ and (Delta) ₁ minima corresponds to the pressure P approximately equals 2.1 GPa. Different intervalley scattering mechanisms have been considered. Good agreement between experimental data and theoretical results allows us to draw up the conclusion about the importance of different mechanisms of intervalley scattering, as well as to define some characteristics of (Delta) ₁ minima of Germanium.

In this paper we consider the absorption coefficient for semiconductor thickness-variable films with congruent surfaces. The absorption coefficient corresponding to direct intersubband transitions is obtained as explicit function of the light frequency. Our result allows us to establish the behavior of the absorption coefficient at the special points vicinity.

The results of analog liquid crystal indicator design and some its characteristics are given in this paper. The possibility of alternating voltage measuring by designed indicator is shown.

The research results of the superhigh-frequency optoelectronic converter are presented. The converter permits to convert optical radiation into superhigh-frequency oscillations in the range of frequencies from 0,5 up to 5 GHz.

The new approaches to problems of ion stimulation of technological processes of making of thin films for micro- and optoelectronic devices are surveyed. An example with titanium silicide exhibits the role of power and thermal factors during formation of chemical compounds of thin films. The obtained theoretical and experimental results are extended to ion stimulation of the MOC-VD process of A³B⁵ semiconductor epitaxy. An opportunity to essentially decrease a temperature of epitaxial growth for obtaining dislocationless films of A³B⁵ and their solid solutions is shown.

The authors propose to realize some operations, which are peculiar to cellular automata, by means of optoelectronic devices. In particular, manipulation with registers, direct logical product and specific pattern searching are considered.

Well-known methods of simulation of optoelectronic systems (OS), promising elements of OS, database for their storage as well as expert systems (ES) for their development are analyzed. A computer informational system is developed, which is based on a hybrid ES built on modern DBMS.

One of the approaches to organization of pipeline processing of multiple flows of sequential codes is use of superfluous numerical systems, which allow executing all code operations digit-by-digit, beginning from higher orders. A numbers of such numerical systems are known. The basic advantage of these systems is limitation of carry length in arithmetic operations. It determines hardware expenses for organization of pipeline digit-by-digit processing. Theoretically there can be a variety of such systems. The class of superfluous numerical systems with additive and multiplicative relationships between orders is described in this article. It class generalizes known numerical systems for digit-by-digit pipeline processing and allows to create new numerical systems for digit-by-digit performance of arithmetic operations, beginning from higher orders.

The article deals with optoelectronic devices, which utilize quantum memory chips. These devices can be used for creation of optical computers based on signal processing in the decimal calculation format, with direct indication of the data being processed.

The study and simulation of the collective behavior of neural network and the individual behavior of the single neurons in the network may effectively be conducted using the realistic model of the biological neuron. Such a model should have as many properties of the real neuron as possible, and its hardware implementation should be simple enough so it is possible to implement large neural networks on the small integrated circuit crystal. We propose a BISPIN-based optoelectronic neuron element with frequency outputs, that resembles a behavior of the biological neuron, having such properties: valley activity, spatial summation, time summation, strength-duration rule, phase of absolute and relative refractivity, transformation of the rhythm, dependence between frequency and amplitude of rhythmic excitation, accommodation. BISPIN integrates input signals, it has an adjustable threshold, which can be controlled either optically or electronically, and is a generator of frequency- encoded impulses with constant amplitude.

The exposition phase frequencies methods of transformation of complete phase detrusions in radio-optical measuring systems is given. For transformation of phase relations from a radio- frequency range in optical the double optical-acoustic modulation in a mode of the Bregg diffraction is used. The block diagrams calibrators of phase detrusions with use are given as a specifying device a relative frame acousto-optical modulator. On the basis of use of a principle of a phase ring designed comparator of linear angular travels. The plan, photo and characteristics electronic phase measuring system for laser phase measure and interferometry is given.

The approaches to a problem of heat exchange in fiber-optical modules are determined. Thermoelectric model of base constructions on a different level is designed. The guidelines on thermal designing are given.

The design of the interference filters with the transmission coefficient no less than 90% on the operating wavelength and completely opaque at longer wavelengths is shown. The operation of the filter is based on the method of residual rays. Angular dependences of the filter transmission bandshape on the parameters of multilayer coating, such as the thickness, refractive indeces, the number of the layers, are analyzed.

Peculiarities of light diffraction on multilayered holograms have been analyzed based on the coupled waves theory. For such holograms, oscillations with periods determined mainly by distances between subholograms are observed in the dependence of diffraction efficiency on incident angle. If a refractive index modulation efficiency for two-layered holograms is more than a definite quantity then it is possible to match an incident angle for each wavelength of a definite range (i.e. 0.4 . . . 0.8 mkm) and the diffraction efficiency at such an angle is 100% and it does not have to be a Bragg angle. Such multilayered holograms can be used in laser technology for wavelength selection instead of the Fabry-Perot interferometer in semiconductor laser frequency stabilization devices, and for small angle displacement measurements.

The photo-electric angle transmitter of rotation is offered, at which the output voltage is linear function of entering magnitude. In a transmitter the linear phototransducer is used on the basis of pair photo diode -- operating amplifier, which output voltage is linear function of the area of an illuminated photosensitive stratum, and modulator of a light stream of the special shape, which ensures a linear dependence of this area from an angle of rotation. The transmitter has good frequent properties and can be used for dynamic measurements of an angular velocity and angle of rotation, in systems of exact drives and systems of autocontrol.

Considering the processes of light scattering in cholesterics it is necessary to take into account their optical properties, which are connected with a complex space structure. The result of scattering process by induced cholesteric studies are considered for radiation of visible and infra-red spectral range.

Optoelectronic sensors of physical values use influence effect of a measuring signal on information light flow parameters. A multifunctional microelectronic sensor, which belongs to the group of sensor with internal amplitude modulation, is proposed. The application of an analogue liquid crystal indicator for visualization of external action is proposed. Using of this sensor will permit to increase sensitivity of measurement of external field value and to observe visually its variation.

One of the ways of sensory engineering development of is creation of new methods and devices for temperature, pressure, electric and magnetic field registration and control. Among the all various sensors we can to pick out optoelectronic, due to their economy, minimum dimensions and high sensitiveness. Optoelectronic sensors on base of liquid crystals have a possibility of registration several physical value simultaneously, and have a name of multifunctional sensors.

For application of optical sensors it is necessary to estimate their potential information characteristics. The offered method is based on a statistical estimation of representation of sensor's interaction area with object to be measured on comparison with a state of object as a whole and on account of the power characteristics of their interaction. The method uses the operator terms for an estimation of statistical distribution of fluctuation parameters in the area of interaction. Use of an offered method will allow obtaining objective estimations of application prospects of optical sensors.

The study of a refractometric sensor based on controlling attenuation in the optical waveguide consisting of a multimode lossless rod and thin dielectric lossy films of higher refractive index as compared to the rod has been carried out. It has been shown that provision of the rod principle modes cutoff regime causes an increase of the sensor output power while the surrounding medium measuring refractive index increases. The sensor sensitivity strongly depend on the films material attenuation constant in this case.

The technique for high precision measurement of optical absorption and adsorption is proposed. The technique is based on the laser interferometric calorimetry method. The mathematical model for estimation of thermal fields which occur in the sample at partial absorption of high-power laser radiation is elaborated. The model considers influence of volumetric and superficial optical absorption coefficients. Sensitivity of measurement technique of absorption coefficients for optically transparent materials is (10^-3 divided by 10^-7) cm^-1. The results of experimental tests of optical material for visible spectrum are shown.

The main steps on the way of practical realization of a microminiaturized Fabry-Perot pressure sensor with a micromachined silicon membrane are presented and discussed. Starting from the mathematical model and FEM-based simulation through the experimental check of operation principle using the scaled sensor model we came to the discussion on technological problems and first results on their solving.

An implementation of universal intellectual device for the determination of granular composition of liquids pollution by mechanical including and microparticles has been considered. Our device is applicable to liquids with different optical characteristics like weather, oil, fuel, etc. The principle of working an instrument is based on the real time acquiring information about light beam propagation in measuring optical channel and optimal data processing. Application of a perspective mixed-signal RISC-controller (Microchip) gives us possibility to create a high-performance unit with a flexible adaptive structure and wide range adjustable measuring tract. Inner links between functional parts of the unit should by dynamically changed.

In the article we describe the possibility of utilization of the multichannel optical-fiber probe developed in our department as an optical-fiber pyrometer. Analytical approach is shown as well as some example measurements.

The introduction of low emission techniques of combustion caused side-effects like oxygen lean corrosion. It also enforced more precise management of technological air, better coal milling and application of devices for combustion process monitoring. In the article authors presented their own solution of optical fiber system for combustion quality evaluation, already operating on power boiler type OP-650. Its functionality was described together with selected results of measurements. Directions of further development of the system were also indicated.

In power boiler control, it is very important do distinguish signals corresponding to different air/fuel ratios and different flames (pulverized coal, mazout). Since the signals obtained from flame monitoring systems are unstable, wavelet transform has been utilized in filtering these signals. Problems arise with choosing the most adequate wavelet to analyzed signal. In this paper, we investigate signals which reflects sudden cut off of mazout in industrial burner (pulverized coal is still present). Because amplitude measures are unreliable, we have been concentrated on 'frequency' measures. A method of choosing the proper wavelet and decomposition level have been proposed.

The problem of distance measurements is urgent in many branches of national economy. It is of great importance in geodesy and other fields, connected with precision measurements on the ground. Almost at the same time with the beginning of use of lasers in the industry, they were used for distance measurements -- so-called laser range finders. The methods of ranging with the use of light in geodesy are based on the fact, that optic radiation extends rectilinear and with constant speed in homogeneous environment. As in geodesy range-finder transmitter and receiver are usually combined, the distance between the range finder and object can be found from a simple ratio.