Dr. Philippe R. Ferrando Profile

Dr. Philippe R. Ferrando

at CEA-IRFU

SPIE Involvement:

Author

Publications (27)

Proceedings Article | 28 August 2024 Poster

Characterization of the spectral performance of the pnCCD after proton irradiation to predict the end-of-life performance of the Microchannel X-Ray Telescope Camera on board the SVOM mission

Diana Renaud, Hugo Allaire, Axel Barrey, Marion Baumann, David Baudin, Ion Cojocari, Eric Doumayrou, Diego Götz, Philippe Ferrando, Philippe Laurent, Michel Lortholary, Pascal Mercère, Aline Meuris, Frédéric Pinsard, Thibault Pichon, Clara Plasse, Marin Prieur, Léna Provost, Benjamin Schneider, Timothée Tollet, Thierry Tourrette, François Visticot, Norbert Meidinger

Proceedings Volume PC13103, PC131030U (2024) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.3018856

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Proceedings Article | 22 August 2024 Presentation

Ground calibration plan for the Athena/X-IFU microcalorimeter spectrometer

Alexeï Molin, François Pajot, Marc Audard, Marco Barbera, Sophie Beaumont, Edoardo Cuchetti, Matteo D'Andrea, Christophe Daniel, Roland den Hartog, Megan Eckart, Philippe Ferrando, Elias Kammoun, Maurice Leutenegger, Simone Lotti, Jean-Michel Mesnager, Lorenzo Natalucci, Philippe Peille, Jelle de Plaa, Etienne Pointecouteau, Frederick Porter, Kosuke Sato, Joern Wilms, Luciano Gottardi, Vincent Albouys, Didier Barret, Massimo Cappi, Jan-Willem den Herder, Luigi Piro

Proceedings Volume 13093, 1309310 (2024) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.3020082

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Proceedings Article | 21 August 2024 Presentation + Paper

Calibration of the MXT camera before launch of the SVOM mission and prediction of its spectral performance at the end of the mission

C. Plasse, D. Götz, A. Meuris, P. Ferrando, V. Burwitz, E. Doumayrou, M. Lortholary, M. Moita, K. Mercier, F. Pinsard, M. Prieur, D. Renaud, F. Robinet, B. Schneider, F. Visticot

Proceedings Volume 13093, 130931V (2024) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.3018764

KEYWORDS: Sensors, Equipment, Calibration, Spectral resolution, Satellites, Telescopes, X-rays, Performance modeling, Data processing, Photons

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SPIE Journal Paper | 4 September 2020

Synchrotron x-ray transmission measurements and modeling of filters investigated for Athena

Elena Puccio, Michela Todaro, Ugo Lo Cicero, Luisa Sciortino, Philippe Laurent, Philippe Ferrando, Angelo Giglia, Stefano Nannarone, Marco Barbera

JATIS, Vol. 6, Issue 03, 038003, (September 2020) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.10.1117/1.JATIS.6.3.038003

KEYWORDS: Aluminum, X-rays, Optical filters, Calibration, Synchrotrons, Data modeling, Sensors, Quantum efficiency, Digital filtering, Error analysis

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Proceedings Article | 31 July 2018 Presentation + Paper

The ATHENA X-ray Integral Field Unit (X-IFU)

Didier Barret, Thien Lam Trong, Jan-Willem den Herder, Luigi Piro, Massimo Cappi, Juhani Houvelin, Richard Kelley, J. Miguel Mas-Hesse, Kazuhisa Mitsuda, Stéphane Paltani, Gregor Rauw, Agata Rozanska, Joern Wilms, Simon Bandler, Marco Barbera, Xavier Barcons, Enrico Bozzo, Maria Teresa Ceballos, Ivan Charles, Elisa Costantini, Anne Decourchelle, Roland den Hartog, Lionel Duband, Jean-Marc Duval, Fabrizio Fiore, Flavio Gatti, Andrea Goldwurm, Brian Jackson, Peter Jonker, Caroline Kilbourne, Claudio Macculi, Mariano Mendez, Silvano Molendi, Piotr Orleanski, François Pajot, Etienne Pointecouteau, Frederick Porter, Gabriel Pratt, Damien Prêle, Laurent Ravera, Kosuke Sato, Joop Schaye, Keisuke Shinozaki, Tanguy Thibert, Luca Valenziano, Véronique Valette, Jacco Vink, Natalie Webb, Michael Wise, Noriko Yamasaki, Françoise Douchin, Jean-Michel Mesnager, Bernard Pontet, Alice Pradines, Graziella Branduardi-Raymont, Esra Bulbul, Mauro Dadina, Stefano Ettori, Alexis Finoguenov, Yasushi Fukazawa, Agnieszka Janiuk, Jelle Kaastra, Pasquale Mazzotta, Jon Miller, Giovanni Miniutti, Yael Naze, Fabrizio Nicastro, Salavtore Scioritino, Aurora Simonescu, Jose Miguel Torrejon, Benoit Frezouls, Hervé Geoffray, Philippe Peille, Corinne Aicardi, Jérôme André, Christophe Daniel, Antoine Clénet, Christophe Etcheverry, Emilie Gloaguen, Gilles Hervet, Antoine Jolly, Aurélien Ledot, Irwin Paillet, Roseline Schmisser, Bruno Vella, Jean-Charles Damery, Kevin Boyce, Mike Dipirro, Simone Lotti, Denis Schwander, Stephen Smith, Bert-Joost Van Leeuwen, Henk van Weers, Nicolas Clerc, Beatriz Cobo, Thomas Dauser, Christian Kirsch, Edoardo Cucchetti, Megan Eckart, Philippe Ferrando, Lorenzo Natalucci

Proceedings Volume 10699, 106991G (2018) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2312409

KEYWORDS: Spectral resolution, X-rays, Sensors, Cryogenics, Optical filters, Wind energy, Electronics, X-ray astronomy, Mirrors, X-ray sources

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Proceedings Article | 12 July 2018 Presentation + Paper

VIS: the visible imager for Euclid

Mark Cropper, S. Pottinger, R. Azzollini, M. Szafraniec, S. Awan, Y. Mellier, M. Berthé, J. Martignac, C. Cara, A.-M. Di Giorgio, A. Sciortino, E. Bozzo, L. Genolet, A. Philippon, M. Hailey, T. Hunt, I. Swindells, A. Holland, J. Gow, N. Murray, D. Hall, J. Skottfelt, J. Amiaux, R. Laureijs, G. Racca, J.-C. Salvignol, A. Short, J. Lorenzo Alvarez, T. Kitching, H. Hoekstra, E. Galli, G. Willis, H. Hu, G.-P. Candini, J. Boucher, A. Al Bahlawan, R. Chaudery, C. de Lacy, A. Pendem, S. Smit, J.-P. Dubois, B. Horeau, M. Carty, J. Fontignie, E. Doumayrou, C. Larcheveque, M. Castelli, R. Cole, S. Niemi, J. Denniston, R. Massey, R. Kohley, P. Ferrando, L. Conversi

Proceedings Volume 10698, 1069828 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2315372

KEYWORDS: Charge-coupled devices, Calibration, Point spread functions, Staring arrays, Space operations, Radiation effects

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Proceedings Article | 10 July 2018 Presentation

The Euclid STM VIS focal plane assembly: from the integration to the qualification tests (Conference Presentation)

Jérôme Martignac, Benoît Horeau, François Visticot, Michael Carty, Jean Fontignie, Jean-Yves Roussé, Thierry Tourrette, Thierry Orduna, Damien Bachet, Michel Berthé, Jérôme Amiaux, Philippe Ferrando, Luc Dumaye, Duc-Dat Huynh, Diana Renaud, Vincent Hennion, Pascal Contrepois, Patrice Charon, Arnaud Roger, Jean-Michel Joubert, Dominique Gibier, Nicolas Solenne, Mark Cropper, Sabrina Pottinger, Magdalena Szafraniec, Ruyman Azzollini, Saeeda Awan, Thomas Hunt, Ashraf Al-Bahlawan, Cédric Thizy, Sylvie Liebecq, Valérie Samain, Pascale Danto

Proceedings Volume 10698, 1069829 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2312579

KEYWORDS: Scanning tunneling microscopy, Charge-coupled devices, Thermal modeling, Electronics, Silicon carbide, Staring arrays, Integration, Interfaces

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In the frame work of the ESA Euclid mission to be launched in 2020, the Euclid Consortium is developing an extremely large and stable focal plane for the VIS instrument. After an extensive phase of definition and study over 4 years made at CEA on the thermo-mechanical architecture of that Focal Plane, the first model (Structural and Thermal Model) has been assembled qualified and delivered to MSSL in June 2017. The VIS Focal Plane Assembly integrates 36 CCDs (operated at 150K) connected to their front end electronics (operated at 280K). This Focal Plane will be the largest focal plane (~0.6 billion pixels) ever built for space application after the GAIA one. The CCDs are CCD273 type specially designed and provided by the Teledyne e2v company under ESA contract, front end electronics is studied and provided by MSSL. The Structural and Thermal Model is fully representative of the Flight Model regarding the thermo-mechanical architecture. As the instrument development philosophy follows a Proto Flight approach this choice has been made very early in the development program in order to reduce the risk on the PFM program. So the AIT/AIV plan has been built in order to fully validate since the STM program the overall integration, verification and qualification sequences, taking into account the very stringent cleanliness requirement. The STM FPA integrates 36 CCDs representative of the flight model except for the detection function. Electrical configuration of the front end electronics provides electrical interface in order to power the CCDs and check integrity of all the electrical links to CCDs. In this paper we first recall the architecture of the VIS-FPA and especially the solutions proposed to cope with the scientific needs of an extremely stable focal plane, both mechanically and thermally leading to a SiC structure. The modular architecture concept, considered as a key driver for such big and complex focal plane is detailed. Parallel to that, the integration workflow including verification steps is fully depicted including specific aspects linked to the use of SiC. Validation and qualification test program is described. A summary of geometrical measurements, thermal balance tests and vibrations tests including the main Ground Support Equipment description are reported. Keyword list: Euclid, CCD, SiC, focal plane, architecture, integration

Proceedings Article | 21 November 2017 Open Access

Simbol-X: a formation flight mission with an unprecedented imaging capability in the 0.5-80 keV energy band

Gianpiero Tagliaferri, Philippe Ferrando, Jean-Michel Le Duigou, Giovanni Pareschi, Philippe Laurent, Giuseppe Malaguti, Rodolphe Clédassou, Mauro Piermaria, Olivier La Marle, Fabrizio Fiore, Paolo Giommi

Proceedings Volume 10566, 105660Y (2017) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2308202

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Proceedings Article | 27 July 2016 Paper

On-ground characterization of the Euclid's CCD273-based readout chain

Magdalena Szafraniec, R. Azzollini, M. Cropper, S. Pottinger, A. Khalil, M. Hailey, D. Hu, C. Plana, A. Cutts, T. Hunt, R. Kohley, D. Walton, C. Theobald, R. Sharples, J. Schmoll, P. Ferrando

Proceedings Volume 9915, 991510 (2016) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2232922

KEYWORDS: Electronics, Point spread functions, Charge-coupled devices, Power supplies, Calibration, Fermium, Frequency modulation, Sensors, Field programmable gate arrays, Clocks

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Proceedings Article | 17 September 2012 Paper

The silicon micro-strip detector plane for the LOFT/wide-field monitor

A. Goldwurm, P. Ferrando, D. Götz, P. Laurent, F. Lebrun, O. Limousin, S. Basa, W. Bertoli, Eric Delagnes, Y. Dolgorouky, O. Gevin, A. Gros, C. Gouiffes, F. Jeanneau, C. Lachaud, M. Llored, C. Olivetto, G. Prevot, D. Renaud, J. Rodriguez, C. Rossin, S. Schanne, S. Soldi, P. Varniere

Proceedings Volume 8443, 84432H (2012) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.925251

KEYWORDS: Sensors, Imaging systems, Capacitance, Signal to noise ratio, Cameras, Point spread functions, Silicon, Spatial resolution, Image resolution, Telescopes

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Proceedings Article | 17 September 2012 Paper

A 3D CZT hard x-ray polarimeter for a balloon-borne payload

E. Caroli, J. Alvarez, N. Auricchio, C. Budtz-Jørgensen, R. Curado da Silva, S. Del Sordo, P. Ferrando, P. Laurent, O. Limousin, J. Galvèz, C. Gloster, M. Hernanz, J. Isern, I. Kuvvetli, J. Maia, A. Meuris, J. Stephen, A. Zappettini

Proceedings Volume 8443, 84434O (2012) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.928326

KEYWORDS: Sensors, Polarimetry, Polarization, Scattering, Spectroscopy, Photons, Laser scattering, Modulation, Electronics, Gamma radiation

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Proceedings Article | 20 June 2006 Paper

Simbol-X: mission overview

P. Ferrando, M. Arnaud, U. Briel, O. Citterio, R. Clédassou, P. Duchon, F. Fiore, P. Giommi, A. Goldwurm, G. Hasinger, E. Kendziorra, P. Laurent, F. Lebrun, O. Limousin, G. Malaguti, S. Mereghetti, G. Micela, G. Pareschi, Y. Rio, J. P. Roques, L. Strüder, G. Tagliaferri

Proceedings Volume 6266, 62660F (2006) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.673266

KEYWORDS: Space operations, Sensors, Mirrors, Spatial resolution, Physics, Space telescopes, Telescopes, Collimators, Particles, High energy astrophysics

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Proceedings Article | 15 June 2006 Paper

Monte Carlo simulations of stacked x-ray detectors as designed for SIMBOL-X

Christoph Tenzer, Eckhard Kendziorra, Andrea Santangelo, Markus Kuster, Philippe Ferrando, Philippe Laurent, Arnaud Claret, Rémi Chipaux

Proceedings Volume 6266, 62662O (2006) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.671929

KEYWORDS: Sensors, Light emitting diodes, Photons, Monte Carlo methods, Collimators, Space operations, Charge-coupled devices, Particles, Aluminum, Physics

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Proceedings Article | 15 June 2006 Paper

The focal plane of the Simbol-X space mission

B. P. F. Dirks, P. Ferrando, U. Briel, O. Gevin, E. Kendziorra, P. Laurent, O. Limousin, F. Lugiez, J. Martignac, M. Authier, C. Chapron, P. Lechner, G. Pareschi, Y. Rio, J.P. Roques, P. Salin, L. Strüder

Proceedings Volume 6276, 627617 (2006) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.672801

KEYWORDS: Sensors, Crystals, Space operations, Electronics, Mirrors, Satellites, Silicon, X-rays, Cameras, Active sensors

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Proceedings Article | 10 September 2005 Paper

SIMBOL-X: a formation flying mission for hard-x-ray astrophysics

P. Ferrando, A. Goldwurm, P. Laurent, O. Limousin, J. Martignac, F. Pinsard, Y. Rio, J. Roques, O. Citterio, G. Pareschi, G. Tagliaferri, F. Fiore, G. Malaguti, U. Briel, G. Hasinger, L. Strüder

Proceedings Volume 5900, 59000P (2005) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.620556

KEYWORDS: Mirrors, Space operations, Sensors, Coating, Collimators, Spatial resolution, Space telescopes, Telescopes, Platinum, Astrophysics

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Proceedings Article | 8 September 2005 Paper

Active and passive shielding design optimization and technical solutions for deep sensitivity hard x-ray focusing telescopes

G. Malaguti, G. Pareschi, P. Ferrando, E. Caroli, G. Di Cocco, L. Foschini, S. Basso, S. Del Sordo, F. Fiore, A. Bonati, G. Lesci, J. Poulsen, F. Monzani, A. Stevoli, B. Negri

Proceedings Volume 5900, 59000M (2005) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.620235

KEYWORDS: Sensors, Collimators, Telescopes, Space telescopes, X-ray telescopes, Photons, Spatial resolution, Mirrors, Vignetting, Optical instrument design

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Proceedings Article | 11 October 2004 Paper

In-orbit performance of the EPIC-MOS detectors on XMM-Newton

Steven Sembay, Anthony Abbey, Bruno Altieri, Richard Ambrosi, Darren Baskill, Philippe Ferrando, Kallol Mukerjee, Andrew Read, Martin Turner

Proceedings Volume 5488, (2004) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.553180

KEYWORDS: Charge-coupled devices, Cameras, Calibration, Molybdenum, X-rays, CCD cameras, Sensors, Imaging spectroscopy, Manganese, Stars

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Proceedings Article | 29 September 2004 Paper

3D modeling of Cd(Zn)Te detectors for the Simbol-X space mission

Bob Dirks, Olivier Limousin, Philippe Ferrando, Remi Chipaux

Proceedings Volume 5501, (2004) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.584936

KEYWORDS: Sensors, Electrons, Electrodes, 3D modeling, Monte Carlo methods, X-rays, Satellites, MATLAB, Space operations, X-ray detectors

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Proceedings Article | 29 January 2004 Paper

SIMBOL-X: a new-generation hard x-ray telescope

Philippe Ferrando, Monique Arnaud, Bertrand Cordier, Andrea Goldwurm, Olivier Limousin, Jaques Paul, Jean Sauvageot, Pierre-Olivier Petrucci, Martine Mouchet, Giovanni Bignami, Oberto Citterio, Sergio Campana, Giovanni Pareschi, Gianpiero Tagliaferri, Ulrich Briel, Guenther Hasinger, Lothar Strueder, Peter Lechner, Eckhard Kendziorra, Martin Turner

Proceedings Volume 5168, (2004) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.521998

KEYWORDS: Sensors, Mirrors, Field effect transistors, Spatial resolution, Electrons, Space telescopes, Space operations, Telescopes, Hard x-rays, X-ray telescopes

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Proceedings Article | 11 March 2003 Paper

Cosmic ray identification and rejection in the EPIC-MOS cameras onboard XMM-Newton: results from flight data

Philippe Ferrando, Michel Lortholary, Claude Pigot, Jean Sauvageot

Proceedings Volume 4851, (2003) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.461332

KEYWORDS: Charge-coupled devices, X-rays, Diagnostics, Particles, Cameras, X-ray detectors, CCD cameras, Sensors, X-ray imaging, Calibration

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Proceedings Article | 11 March 2003 Paper

Status of the EPIC/MOS calibration onboard XMM-Newton

Philippe Ferrando, Anthony Abbey, Bruno Altieri, Monique Arnaud, Paul Bennie, Mauro Dadina, Mark Denby, Simona Ghizzardi, R. Griffiths, Marcus Kirsch, Nicola La Palombara, A. de Luca, David Lumb, Silvano Molendi, Doris Neumann, Jean Sauvageot, Richard Saxton, Steve Sembay, Andrea Tiengo, Martin Turner

Proceedings Volume 4851, (2003) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.461310

KEYWORDS: Calibration, Cameras, Charge-coupled devices, Molybdenum, CCD cameras, Mirrors, X-rays, Optical filters, Vignetting, Point spread functions

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Proceedings Article | 11 March 2003 Paper

Science highlights, calibration, and performance of EPIC on Newton-XMM: the MOS camera

Martin Turner, Ulrich Briel, Philippe Ferrando, R. Griffiths, Gabriele Villa

Proceedings Volume 4851, (2003) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.461169

KEYWORDS: Charge-coupled devices, Calibration, Molybdenum, Cameras, Optical filters, Iron, X-rays, CCD cameras, Photons, Mirrors

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Proceedings Article | 13 December 2000 Paper

Optimization of spectral performances of the XMM-EPIC MOS camera systems: event selection and energy reconstruction schemes tested on calibration data

Claude Pigot, Jean Sauvageot, Philippe Ferrando, Elena Belsole

Proceedings Volume 4140, (2000) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.409148

KEYWORDS: Charge-coupled devices, X-rays, Cameras, Calibration, Molybdenum, Electroluminescence, X-ray imaging, X-ray detectors, Imaging systems, Signal detection

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Proceedings Article | 13 December 2000 Paper

In-orbit calibration activities of the XMM-Newton EPIC cameras

David Lumb, Philippe Gondoin, Martin Turner, Anthony Abbey, Paul Bennie, Steve Sembay, G. Griffiths, Philippe Ferrando, Jean Sauvageot, Elena Belsole, Claude Pigot, Ulrich Briel, Konrad Dennerl, Frank Haberl, Gisela Hartner, Eckhard Kendziorra, Marcus Kirsch, Markus Kuster, Silvano Molendi, Gabriele Villa, Andrea Tiengo, A. Lagostina, E. Serpell

Proceedings Volume 4140, (2000) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.409123

KEYWORDS: Calibration, Cameras, Optical filters, Molybdenum, Charge-coupled devices, X-rays, Data modeling, Sensors, CCD cameras, Point spread functions

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Proceedings Article | 28 November 2000 Paper

XMM-Newton satellite MOS CCD detectors calibration results

Philippe Marty, Claude Pigot, Elena Belsole, Jean-Philippe Bernard, Philippe Ferrando, Olivier Hainaut, Jean Sauvageot

Proceedings Volume 4138, (2000) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.407544

KEYWORDS: Cameras, Quantum efficiency, Calibration, Sensors, CCD cameras, Charge-coupled devices, Molybdenum, Signal attenuation, Error analysis, Synchrotrons

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Proceedings Article | 22 October 1999 Paper

Ground calibration of the XMM-EPIC MOS cameras at the Orsay Synchrotron Facility

Claude Pigot, Elena Belsole, Paul Bennie, Philippe Ferrando, Jean Sauvageot, Philippe Marty, Steve Sembay

Proceedings Volume 3765, (1999) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.366507

KEYWORDS: Cameras, Calibration, Charge-coupled devices, X-rays, Optical filters, Sensors, Molybdenum, Quantum efficiency, Synchrotrons, CCD cameras

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Proceedings Article | 31 October 1996 Paper

EPIC system onboard the ESA XMM

Gabriele Villa, Anthony Abbey, Monique Arnaud, M. Balasini, Giovanni Bignami, Michel Boer, Heinrich Braeuninger, I Butler, G. Cafagna, C. Cara, C. Chabaud, Lucio Chiappetti, Richard Cole, M. Conte, J. Dowson, Pierre Dhez, R. Duc, Guido Di Cocco, Philippe Ferrando, C. Goodall, H. Hippman, Andrew Holland, Eckhard Kendziorra, Alain Labeque, Norbert Meidinger, C. Moriggio, Nicola La Palombara, C. Musso, E. Poindron, Giovanni Peres, E. Pferrerman, Claude Pigot, John Pye, Claus Reppin, D. Schmitt, Salvatore Sciortino, Salvatore Serio, J. Spragg, John Stephen, Lothar Strueder, Massimo Trifoglio, P. Tua, Martin Turner, S. Whitehead

Proceedings Volume 2808, (1996) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.256015

KEYWORDS: Cameras, Charge-coupled devices, Molybdenum, CCD cameras, Electronics, Control systems, Optical filters, Aluminum, X-rays, Mirrors

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The European photon imaging camera (EPIC) is one of the two main instruments onboard the ESA X-Ray Cornerstone Mission XMM. It is devoted to performing imaging and spectroscopy of the x-ray sky in the domain 0.1 10 keV with a peak sensitivity in 10⁵ seconds of 2 multiplied by 10^-15 erg/cm^-2. The x-ray instrumentation is complemented by a radiation monitor which will measure the particle background. The spectral resolution is approximately 140 eV at 6.4 keV and 60 eV at 1 keV. The instrumentation consists of three separate focal plane cameras at the focus of the three XMM telescopes, containing CCDs passively cooled to typically minus 100 degrees via radiators pointing toward the anti-Sun direction. The two cameras with the field of view partially occulted by the RGS grating boxes will have MOS technology CCDs while the third camera, with full field of view, will be based on p-n technology. The CCDs in the focal plane of the cameras will cover the entire 30 foot by 30 foot field of view of the telescope while the pixel size (40 by 40 (mu) for the MOS camera and 150 multiplied by 150 (mu) for the p-n) will be adequate to sample the approximately 20' PSF of the mirrors. In order to cope with a wide range of sky background and source luminosity in the visible/UV band, a filter wheel with six positions has been implemented in each camera. The six positions correspond to: open position, closed position, one thin filter (1600 angstrom of plastic support and 400 angstrom of Al), one medium filter (1600 angstrom of plastic support and 800 angstrom of Al) and one thick filter (approximately 3000 angstrom of plastic support, approximately 1000 angstrom of Al and 300 Angstrom of Sn). The final position will be a redundant filter of type still to be decided. A set of radioactive sources in each camera will allow the calibration of the CCDs in any of the operating modes and with any filter wheel position. Vacuum doors and valves operated will allow the operation of other camera heads on the ground, in a vacuum chamber and/or in a controlled atmosphere, and will protect the CCDs from contamination until the spacecraft is safely in orbit. The MOS camera will have 7 CCDs, each of 600 by 600 pixels arranged in a hexagonal pattern with one central and six peripheral. The p-n camera head will have 12 CCDs, each with 200 multiplied by 64 pixels, in a rectangular arrangement, 4 quadrants of 3 CCDs each. The radiation monitor is based on two separate detectors to monitor the low (electrons greater than 30 keV) and the high (electrons greater than 200 keV and protons greater than 10 MeV) energy particles impinging on the telescope along its orbit.

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